<![CDATA[The comparison of environmental law in Indonesia and Ethiopia reflects differences in philosophical and normative approaches due to historical, cultural, and legal system factors in each country, with major challenges in regulatory implementation, institutional capacity, and law enforcement to achieve sustainable development and effective environmental protection. The objective of this study is to analyze the development of environmental law in Indonesia and Ethiopia from the perspective of the philosophy underlying the formation and implementation of regulations, as well as to compare the normative aspects of environmental law in both countries and the factors affecting the effectiveness of their implementation. This study employs a normative legal method with a comparative, statutory, and conceptual approach, utilizing literature studies and descriptive-qualitative as well as comparative analysis. The findings reveal that the comparison of environmental law between Indonesia and Ethiopia demonstrates that both countries have a strong legal foundation for environmental protection but adopt different approaches based on their respective social, economic, and geographical contexts. Indonesia embraces the philosophy of sustainable development rooted in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, with key regulations such as Law No. 32 of 2009, emphasizing the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle. Meanwhile, Ethiopia places greater emphasis on environmental rights and ecological justice, as reflected in the 1995 Ethiopian Constitution and regulations such as the Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002. Although both countries have strong normative frameworks, implementation remains challenging, with Indonesia struggling to balance industrial interests with environmental protection, while Ethiopia faces institutional and resource limitations in law enforcement.]]>
