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All Journal Jurnal Teknik Pengairan: Journal of Water Resources Engineering Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum
Khaldirian, Muhammad Farizqi
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Engineering

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Numerical Study of Wave Reflection by The Curtain Wall-Pile Breakwater Using the SPH Model Khaldirian, Muhammad Farizqi; Tahalele, Marcio; Satiti, Inggrit Tri Trida Wahyu
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 2 (May 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.15085

Abstract

The Curtain Wall-Pile Breakwater (CPB) is comprised of a precast concrete wall structure that is upheld by pillars. The effectiveness of this breakwater has been extensively examined through experimental and numerical approaches in comparison to the conventional gravitational breakwater due to its reduced underwater footprint, which could be more environmentally sustainable. A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model using the open-source algorithm DualSPHysics is presented in this paper to simulate wave reflection on a CPB for multiple variables. This study focused on assessing the CPB’s performance in reflecting wave energy represented by the reflection coefficient (Cr), with a detailed investigation of two key parameters: relative depth, which is the ratio of wall depth to water depth (h/d) and wave steepness (Hi/L). The physical model was also tested in a laboratory flume to confirm the accuracy of the simulation results obtained through SPH. A fluid particle size of 0.5 cm was used, resulting in a simulation comprising approximately 9,320,717 particles. The results indicate that the Cr is directly proportional to the h/d and significantly influenced by Hi/L. Specifically, changes in h/d from 0.0 to 0.7 resulted in Cr increases from approximately 0.21 to 0.49 for lower wave steepness (Hi/L = 0.0097) and from approximately 0.36 to 0.60 for higher wave steepness (Hi/L = 0.0499). The quantitative analysis based on the quadratic regression equations shows that both the relative depth and wave steepness significantly influence the effectiveness of the CPB. The reflection coefficient increases with the relative depth, with a more significant effect observed for higher wave steepness. These findings underline the importance of considering both parameters in the design and optimization of breakwater structures to ensure robust and effective coastal protection.
Numerical Model of Wave Transmission on Curtain-Wall Pile Breakwater with DualSPHysics Tahalele, Marcio; Khaldirian, Muhammad Farizqi
Jurnal Teknik Pengairan: Journal of Water Resources Engineering Vol. 16 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pengairan.2025.016.02.2

Abstract

One of the problems often encountered in coastal areas is changes in coastal morphology caused by wave propagation. Curtain Wall-Pile Breakwater (CPB) is a practical alternative to dampen waves heading towards the shore. This study investigates the wave transmission caused by CPB using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method and compares the experimental results with SPH. SPH was employed using open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software based on the DualSPHysics code. The numerical model (SPH) was made to resemble the experiment. The study was based on the effect of wave period (T) and the ratio between the submerged depth of the wave retaining wall and the water depth (h/d) of the CPB. The results show that CPB is effective in reducing incident waves. The effectiveness is seen from the resulting Transmission Coefficient (Kt) value. The baseline model Kt value is 0.854, and the Kt value with CPB is 0.693. The research findings show that the wave period (T) dramatically affects the wave transmission caused by CPB. The resulting Kt value decreases with increasing wave steepness (Hi/L), increasing incident wave height (Hi), and wave period (T). In addition, the increase in h/d also affects the Kt value, i.e., the resulting Kt value gets smaller. This study concludes that CPB can reduce the incident wave, thereby reducing the impact of waves on the protected side. Therefore, in designing a breakwater, it is necessary to consider the wave period (T) and the permeability level of the breakwater (h/d variation).
Co-Authors Marcio Tahalele Satiti, Inggrit Tri Trida Wahyu