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Pareek, Chandresh
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Automotive Engineering Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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The Organic Chemistry of Drugs Pareek, Chandresh; Korkmaz, Sule; Pareek, Jagrit; Nirwan, Narendra
International Journal on Orange Technologies Vol. 5 No. 2 (2023): International Journal on Orange Technologies
Publisher : Research Parks Publishing LLC

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31149/ijot.v5i2.4018

Abstract

In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. While there are several types of exeptions, the effects of most drugs result from their interaction with functional macromolecular components of the organism. Such interaction alters the function of the pertinent cellular component and thereby initiates the series of biochemical and physiological changes that are characteristic of the response to the drug. The term receptor is used to denote the component of the organism with which the chemical agent interacts.
Alkaloids, Biosynthesis and Their Applications Tyagi, Renu; Kalani, Rekha; Pareek, Chandresh
International Journal on Orange Technologies Vol. 5 No. 5 (2023): International Journal on Orange Technologies
Publisher : Research Parks Publishing LLC

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31149/ijot.v5i5.4328

Abstract

Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral[2] and even weakly acidic properties.[3] Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids.[4] In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.[5] Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.[6] They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography.[7] Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),[8] cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine),[9] vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),[10] antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine),[11] and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine).[12] [failed verification] Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine),[13] and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine).[14] Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste.[15]
Co-Authors Kalani, Rekha Korkmaz, Sule Nirwan, Narendra Pareek, Jagrit Tyagi, Renu