<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial education and working experience on entrepreneurial competencies among millennial Muslim MSMEs in Bukittinggi City with religiosity as a moderating variable. This study is motivated by the importance of developing entrepreneurial competencies to increase the competitiveness of MSMEs, while previous research results on the role of entrepreneurship education, work experience, and religiosity still show mixed findings. The study used a quantitative approach involving 320 millennial Muslim MSMEs selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) through SmartPLS 4. The results showed that entrepreneurial education, working experience, and religiosity had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial competencies. In addition, religiosity was proven to strengthen the influence of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial competencies, but weakened the influence of working experience on entrepreneurial competencies. These findings indicate that religious values act as a quasi-moderator in the relationship between human capital and entrepreneurial competencies. This research expands the development of Human Capital Theory by integrating the spiritual dimension as a contextual factor influencing the development of entrepreneurial competencies in millennial Muslim MSMEs. Practically, the research findings provide implications for local governments, universities, and training institutions to design entrepreneurship development programs that integrate entrepreneurship education, practical experience, and the strengthening of religious values to increase the competitiveness and sustainability of MSMEs.]]>
