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Al-Yaqoobi, Atheer Mohammad
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Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Parametric and characteristic evaluation of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for the generation of biochar from Dodonaea viscosa branches Shakir, Safa Waleed; Al-Yaqoobi, Atheer Mohammad
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61186

Abstract

This investigation focused on assessing the feasibility of biochar production through microwave pyrolysis of Dodonaea viscosa branches. It considered the role of various important parameters, such as the power levels, biomass particle sizes, and the duration of pyrolysis, on both the yield and the quality of the obtained biochar. The assessment was conducted within a 25-minute pyrolysis time frame. The study also looked at how the yield of biochar changed over time. The results showed that the maximum biochar yield was obtained under conditions where the biomass particles were large (2–2.5 mm) and the power levels low (130 W). However, the yield was reduced when the biomass particles (0.5–1 mm) under higher power (650 W) were used. It was found that the yield of particles 2–2.5 mm dropped from 82% for 5 minutes at 130 W to 49.8% for 25 minutes. Further research has examined the dynamics of power variation on biochar characteristics. Several types of analysis were used to find out the surface area and pore volume. These included energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The EDX analysis showed an increment in carbon to 89.7%, accompanied by a decrease in oxygen percentage to 4.9% under higher power. The SEM scan showed a tremendous improvement in pore formation corresponding to higher power. The XRD test showed that biochar went from being crystalline to being amorphous when compared to the native Dodonaea viscosa branch. At 520 W for 25 minutes, the surface area increased from 3.034 m²/g to 21.634 m²/g, while the pore diameter increased from 2.653 nm to 13.215 nm, showing an improvement in pore density. The results realized that the biochar obtained from microwave pyrolysis of Dodonaea viscosa branches has certain characteristics that make it useful for several purposes, like electricity production, water and gas treatment, soil improvement, and carbon dioxide gas reduction.
Advanced composite adsorbent based on biochar, bentonite, and boric acid for sustainable removal of Pinoxaden Shakir, Safa Waleed; Al-Yaqoobi, Atheer Mohammad
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 6 (2025): November 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61503

Abstract

Pinoxaden is a post-emergence herbicide, which is widely applied for the control of wheat, barley, and other cereals. Its usage is increasing across the world, and there have been concerns regarding contamination of water bodies due to residues. In this research, we investigated the removal of Pinoxaden by a new boric-acid-activated biochar–bentonite composite. The composite was synthesized by pyrolyzing biomass with boric acid and bentonite clay. The composite was studied using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET analysis, which showed that it has a very porous structure and boron–oxygen features on its surface. Batch adsorption experiments (pH variation, time variation, and variation of initial concentration) demonstrated rapid uptake with high capacity. Kinetic analysis was pseudo-second-order, and equilibrium data obeyed the Langmuir isotherm, indicative of monolayer chemisorption. Researchers realized maximum adsorptive capacities of 150 mg/g, within the range of 5–100 mg/g. The removal efficiency was found, through a batch adsorption study, to be a maximum of more than 99.5% at optimum conditions. Increased Pinoxaden concentration and topped-up adsorbent loading reduced the adsorptive capacity but increased with maximum adsorbent loading. The data followed the Freundlich isotherm (R² > 0.999), which shows that the adsorption happens in multiple layers, and it matched the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the process involves chemical bonding. Studies on how substances move within particles and how they come off showed that the surface features and the movement through pores were more important than the overall amount taken in. We found that adding boric acid significantly increased the polarity and reactivity by boosting the adsorptive capacity from raw biochar or bentonite. The research shows that the MC-Db composite could be a useful, eco-friendly material that effectively removes herbicides from contaminated water.
Co-Authors Shakir, Safa Waleed