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All Journal International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
Peria, Jo Neil T.
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Medicine & Pharmacology

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Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water Buffalo by Age Category in Central Aurora, Philippines Delos Santos, Daniel T.; Torres, Michael M.; Peria, Jo Neil T.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Rese
Publisher : Future Science / FSH-PH Publications

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.06.08

Abstract

The rise in global greenhouse gases, particularly methane from agricultural water buffalo, poses a significant climate threat. This study aimed to quantify methane and nitrous oxide emissions from these buffalo in Central Aurora, Philippines, where such data is currently unquantified. The objective was to provide local and national policymakers with specific emission data to develop targeted mitigation policies, reducing the environmental impact of buffalo farming while sustaining its benefits. The data were collected from farms and government offices, supplemented by expert discussions. IPCC Tier 1 emission factors with uncertainty value of 60%, specific to Southeast Asia and buffalo age categories, were used with population data to calculate annual methane and nitrous oxide emissions, expressed as CO₂ equivalents also referring to all different warming gases in the atmosphere. Yearling buffalo were the highest individual methane emitters, emphasizing the need for targeted management during this stage to reduce overall emissions. Adult buffaloes contributed most to nitrous oxide emissions, highlighting the importance of age-specific emission factors for accurate inventories. Overall, water buffalo farming significantly contributed to greenhouse gases, necessitating age-aware and manure management strategies for mitigation. The highest CO₂ emissions was mainly due to methane released during their growth. Adult buffalo, though individually less polluting, contributed substantially to overall emissions because of their numbers. For precise evaluations, it was crucial to consider age-specific emission factors. This highlighted the importance of targeting yearlings with mitigation strategies (like changes in diet) and implementing wider management practices for adult herds, especially in agricultural planning for areas like Aurora, Central Luzon. While future studies may employ Tier 2 methods or examine genetic and dietary modifications to further refine emission estimates.
Development and Validation of Multiple-Choice Assessment Tool in Undergraduate Genetics Using Rasch Modeling Mahawan, Alvin M.; Banzuelo, Je-Ann R.; Peria, Jo Neil T.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research Vol. 6 No. 6 (2025): International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Rese
Publisher : Future Science / FSH-PH Publications

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber.06.06.15

Abstract

ABSTRACT In response to persistent gaps in genetics literacy and the lack of validated assessment tools, this study developed and validated a 40-item multiple-choice assessment tool in undergraduate Genetics using Rasch modeling. The need for this tool arises from curriculum mandates, such as the Commission on Higher Education’s (CHED) Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) framework, and global calls for equitable, high-quality science education aligned with SDG 4 and the OECD’s science competency benchmarks. Using a developmental research design, the tool was constructed based on key Genetics concepts aligned with the Philippine BSED Science curriculum. Items were reviewed by Genetics experts for content validity. The instrument was pilot-tested among 200 undergraduates using stratified random sampling to ensure representation across gender and academic backgrounds. Rasch analysis was conducted using R Studio (TAM and eRm packages) to evaluate item fit, unidimensionality, difficulty targeting, differential item functioning (DIF), and reliability. Results indicated that 33 of 40 items demonstrated good model fit, with a principal component analysis (PCA) eigenvalue of 1.9 supporting unidimensionality. The item-person map showed that item difficulty aligned well with student ability levels, with minimal ceiling and floor effects. DIF analysis confirmed measurement invariance across gender and academic background, with all DIF contrast values falling within ±0.5 logits. Reliability indices were high (KR-20 and Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.87), and person separation index was 2.6, confirming the tool’s capacity to differentiate among multiple ability levels. The study concludes that the developed tool is psychometrically sound, equitable, and instructionally valuable. It is recommended for use in undergraduate Genetics courses for diagnostic and summative assessment. Future research may expand the tool to broader domains in Genetics and evaluate its impact on instructional quality and student learning outcomes.
Co-Authors Banzuelo, Je-Ann R. Delos Santos, Daniel T. Mahawan, Alvin M. Torres, Michael M.