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The Effect of Ammonium Sulfate Concentrations on The Size Distributions of NPK-Fertilizer Granules in a Rotating Drum Granulator Hardhianti, Meiga Putri Wahyu; Sebastian, Ivan; Wiratni
Eksergi Vol 22 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik Industri, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31315/eksergi.v22i2.14256

Abstract

The granulation process is important in pharmaceuticals, detergents, and fertilizers. It consists of enlarging the particle size to create granules with specific properties. This study examined the wet granulation process for NPK fertilizers and investigated the effect of binder solutions, particularly ammonium sulfate (ZA) concentrations, on the distribution of granule sizes. The granulation process was conducted in a rotating drum granulator with varied NPK ratios (28-6-6, 20-20-8, 18-16-20, and 15-15-15) with amounts of binder (10 ml or 20 ml of 15% ZA solution or pure water). Granule sizes were analyzed using Image Pro Plus software, and Stoke’s number was calculated to establish a correlation between the average granule radius and Stoke’s number. The results showed that ammonium sulfate improved granulation, leading to larger granule size and more consistent size distribution in various NPK formulations than water-bond granules. Furthermore, a higher liquid-to-solid ratio generally increases granule size, resulting in a broader size distribution. The study demonstrated a robust correlation (R² = 0.95) between Stoke's number and the average granule radius, indicating that Stoke's number served as a generalized parameter of the granulation process for various NPK formulations and binder types.
Potassium Permanganate Confined in Porous Carbon Pretreated Using Wet Ozone Oxidation for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal (H2S): Kalium Permanganat Terimpregnasi dalam Karbon Aktif Teraktivasi Oksidasi Ozon Basah untuk Penghilangan Hidrogen Sulfida (H2S) Suhirman; Ariyanto, Teguh; Prasetyo, Imam; Hardhianti, Meiga Putri Wahyu
Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : BRIN Publishing (Penerbit BRIN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/jtl.2025.11385

Abstract

Abstrak Kontaminan gas merupakan masalah besar pada proses industri dan lingkungan, terutama hidrogen sulfida (H2S). Gas ini tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, korosif terhadap jaringan pipa gas alam, merusak katalis logam, dan menyebabkan hujan asam. Selain itu, gas ini sangat mudah terbakar dan sangat beracun, sehingga perlu dihilangkan meskipun dalam konsentrasi kecil. Salah satu metode untuk menghilangkan H2S, yang belum dipelajari secara luas, adalah oksidasi dengan kalium permanganat (KMnO4) yang diimpregnasikan pada karbon berpori atau dinamai nano-confinement KMnO4. Cangkang sawit (PKS) digunakan sebagai bahan baku karbon berpori, yang melimpah, terbarukan, dan murah. Proses produksi nano-confinement KMnO4 terdiri atas eberapa langkah. Langkah pertama adalah pirolisis cangkang sawit dalam tungku pada suhu 800°C, diikuti oleh aktivasi karbon uap. Ini menghasilkan karbon berpori cangkang sawit (CPKS). Tahap kedua adalah pembuatan karbon berpori dari cangkang sawit yang cenderung hidrofilik dengan cara oksidasi praperlakuan menggunakan ozonasi basah, yang selanjutnya dinamakan CKPS-Oz. Kalium permanganat yang teremban dalam karbon berpori dari cangkang sawit (KMnO4/CPKS-Oz) diproduksi dengan cara impregnasi secara basah variasi KMnO4 sebesar 5, 10, dan 20% wt. Hasil uji kinerja menunjukkan bahwa KMnO4/CPKS-Oz mampu menghilangkan H2S hingga 98% dan lebih efektif dibandingkan hanya menggunakan KMnO4 (67%). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi antara oksidasi ozon basah dan impregnasi KMnO₄ ke dalam karbon aktif dari tempurung kelapa sawit (CPKS) menghasilkan peningkatan kapasitas oksidasi gas H₂S secara signifikan. Metode ini merupakan pendekatan baru yang belum banyak dilaporkan dalam pemanfaatan CPKS untuk penghilangan gas H₂S   Abstrak A gas contaminant is a big problem in the process industry and environment, especially hydrogen sulfide (H2S). It is colorless, odorless, corrosive to natural gas pipelines, damages metal catalysts, and causes acid rain. Moreover, it is extremely flammable and highly toxic, so it needs to be removed even in small concentrations. One method to remove H2S, which has yet to be studied widely, is oxidation by nano-confinement permanganate potassium (KMnO4) in a porous carbon support. Palm kernel shells (PKS) were used as a raw material of porous carbon, which is abundant, renewable, and cheap. The production process of nano-confinement KMnO4 consists of several steps. The first step is the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells in the furnace at 800°C, followed by steam activation of carbon. It produced palm kernel shells porous carbon (CPKS). The second step was to produce porous carbon of palm kernel shell that tends to be hydrophilic by pretreatment oxidation using wet ozone treatment, which was then named CKPS-Oz. Potassium permanganate confined in porous carbon from palm kernel shell (KMnO4/CPKS-Oz) was produced by incipient wet-impregnation with KMnO4 variations of 5, 10, and 20%wt. The performance test showed that KMnO4/CPKS-Oz could remove H2S up to 98% and was more effective than only using KMnO4 (67%). This work presents a novel synergistic strategy by integrating wet ozone oxidation and KMnO₄ confinement within palm kernel shell–derived porous carbon (CPKS), providing a sustainable and highly efficient material tailored explicitly for hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removal from gas streams.