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All Journal Eksergi: Chemical Engineering Journal Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan
Hardhianti, Meiga Putri Wahyu
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Journal : Eksergi: Chemical Engineering Journal

 1 
The Effect of Ammonium Sulfate Concentrations on The Size Distributions of NPK-Fertilizer Granules in a Rotating Drum Granulator Hardhianti, Meiga Putri Wahyu; Sebastian, Ivan; Wiratni
Eksergi Vol 22 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Kimia UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31315/eksergi.v22i2.14256

Abstract

The granulation process is important in pharmaceuticals, detergents, and fertilizers. It consists of enlarging the particle size to create granules with specific properties. This study examined the wet granulation process for NPK fertilizers and investigated the effect of binder solutions, particularly ammonium sulfate (ZA) concentrations, on the distribution of granule sizes. The granulation process was conducted in a rotating drum granulator with varied NPK ratios (28-6-6, 20-20-8, 18-16-20, and 15-15-15) with amounts of binder (10 ml or 20 ml of 15% ZA solution or pure water). Granule sizes were analyzed using Image Pro Plus software, and Stoke’s number was calculated to establish a correlation between the average granule radius and Stoke’s number. The results showed that ammonium sulfate improved granulation, leading to larger granule size and more consistent size distribution in various NPK formulations than water-bond granules. Furthermore, a higher liquid-to-solid ratio generally increases granule size, resulting in a broader size distribution. The study demonstrated a robust correlation (R² = 0.95) between Stoke's number and the average granule radius, indicating that Stoke's number served as a generalized parameter of the granulation process for various NPK formulations and binder types.
Catalytic Disproportionation of Indonesian Gum Rosin over Pd/C Catalyst: GC–MS Analysis and Reaction Mechanism Hardhianti, Meiga Putri Wahyu
Eksergi Vol 23 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Kimia UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31315/eksergi.v23i1.15831

Abstract

Indonesian gum rosin is a renewable natural resource with a unique composition characterized by the presence of mercusic acid. This study investigates its catalytic disproportionation over a Pd/C catalyst in a sealed batch reactor at 200 °C and 240 °C to improve chemical stability and explore its reactivity. The reaction products were analyzed using FTIR and GC–MS after methylation. Abietic acid was identified as the most reactive resin acid, undergoing typical disproportionation into hydrogenated (e.g., dihydroabietic) and dehydrogenated (dehydroabietic) derivatives. The formation of dehydroabietic acid was favored at 200 °C, while higher temperature (240 °C) promoted hydrogenation and isomerization side reactions. In contrast, mercusic acid followed a distinct pathway, undergoing selective double-bond isomerization to form structural isomers without changes in molecular weight, as confirmed by identical molecular ions (m/z 364) in the mass spectra. These findings clarify the temperature-dependent reaction behavior of major resin acids and reveal the unique mechanistic role of mercusic acid in Indonesian gum rosin.
Co-Authors Hery Widijanto Imam Prasetyo Ivan Sebastian Teguh Ariyanto Wiratni