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All Journal International Martial Arts and Culture Journal.
Cynarski, Wojciech J.
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Institutional Development of Martial Arts and Combat Sports in Poland Cynarski, Wojciech J.
International Martial Arts and Culture Journal Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): International Martial Arts and Culture Journal
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/imacj12019

Abstract

Background and Aim. The development of martial arts is accompanied by their institutionalization, supported by the theoretical perspective of the General Theory of Fighting Arts (GTFA) and the sociology of physical culture. This study aims to examine the institutionalization process of fighting arts organizations using an institutionalization indicator (WI) based on the duration of organizational operation.Methods. This study employs qualitative research methods, including long-term participant observation and broad discourse analysis, to explore the development and institutional maturity of fighting arts organizations.Results. The findings indicate that the duration of operation significantly influences the position and institutional maturity of an organization, as well as its impact on the social environment. Long-term operation contributes to organizational stability and recognition within the community. A minimum period of 30 years of continuous activity is identified as an appropriate benchmark for achieving institutional maturity (WI = 1).Conclusion. Combat sports organizations of European origin and those associated with Olympic disciplines, such as judo, demonstrate the highest level of institutional maturity in Poland. Other fighting arts organizations tend to follow and adapt institutional patterns established by these more established organizations.
Martial Arts as Heritage of Mankind Cynarski, Wojciech J.
International Martial Arts and Culture Journal Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): International Martial Arts and Culture Journal
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/imacj34019

Abstract

Studi Purpose- Traditional martial arts, mostly originating from East Asia, are now practiced in many countries around the world, and therefore on a global scale. Method. Research methodology in martial arts and according to the General Theory of Fighting Arts, in matters of cultural analysis it is most appropriate to adopt a qualitative methodology. Result and Discussion. If a young, 30-year-old instructor boasts of having the rank of 10th dan, it is extremely strange and against tradition. These highest, non-technical degrees are awarded for merits, i.e. teaching, work for popularization, publications, ethical attitude, etc. They can rarely be achieved before the age of 60. The cases of juvenile holders of the highest degrees result from the extreme commercialization of the martial arts market. Conclusion. The novelty of research here is the idea of assessing the presence of various martial arts in the general cultural heritage of humanity according to the level of institutionalization and dissemination on a global scale. The matter probably requires further research.
Management and promotion of martial arts, across disciplines and styles Cynarski, Wojciech J.
International Martial Arts and Culture Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025): International Martial Arts and Culture
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/imacj77019

Abstract

Perspective: Among the many martial arts, disciplines, and styles, only a few have achieved global renown. Managing a company or other martial arts organization requires promotional activities. The broader concept of marketing and the General Theory of Fighting Arts provide the theoretical foundation for this discussion. Problem: Are there any relationships between the type of promotional activities and fame, popularity, and measurable organizational success? How does presence in popular culture (films, books, celebrities) contribute to the international popularity of a given martial art style?. Method: A multiple case study was conducted for five relatively popular martial arts styles. Promotion of the style in films, books, through celebrities, international organizations, and the history of the master was considered. Included: 1) Kyokushin karate; 2) Wing Tsun kung fu; 3) American kenpo karate; 4) Jeet Kune Do kung fu; 5) Chuck Norris System. Results: International popularity is achieved only through a combination of the following promotional activities: film appearances, books, celebrity students, and organizational development. Conclusions: In the absence of such activities, the distinguished master-teacher and his school remain largely unknown or little known. Particularly in martial arts that reject competitive sports, it is difficult to achieve greater international popularity.
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