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All Journal International Martial Arts and Culture Journal.
Cynarski, Wojciech J.
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Institutional Development of Martial Arts and Combat Sports in Poland Cynarski, Wojciech J.
International Martial Arts and Culture Journal Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): International Martial Arts and Culture Journal
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/imacj12019

Abstract

Background and Aim. The development of martial arts is accompanied by their institutionalization, supported by the theoretical perspective of the General Theory of Fighting Arts (GTFA) and the sociology of physical culture. This study aims to examine the institutionalization process of fighting arts organizations using an institutionalization indicator (WI) based on the duration of organizational operation.Methods. This study employs qualitative research methods, including long-term participant observation and broad discourse analysis, to explore the development and institutional maturity of fighting arts organizations.Results. The findings indicate that the duration of operation significantly influences the position and institutional maturity of an organization, as well as its impact on the social environment. Long-term operation contributes to organizational stability and recognition within the community. A minimum period of 30 years of continuous activity is identified as an appropriate benchmark for achieving institutional maturity (WI = 1).Conclusion. Combat sports organizations of European origin and those associated with Olympic disciplines, such as judo, demonstrate the highest level of institutional maturity in Poland. Other fighting arts organizations tend to follow and adapt institutional patterns established by these more established organizations.
Martial Arts as Heritage of Mankind Cynarski, Wojciech J.
International Martial Arts and Culture Journal Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): International Martial Arts and Culture Journal
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/imacj34019

Abstract

Background and Aim. Martial arts are part of intangible cultural heritage, embodying identity values, ethics, and social practices across generations. In the modern context, martial arts are undergoing transformation through institutionalization and formalization, potentially influencing how they are practiced and interpreted. This study aims to analyze martial arts as a human heritage through an examination of their actual practice in a contemporary context.Methods. This study used a descriptive-analytical approach with an observational design. Data were obtained through systematic analysis of recordings of martial arts practice matches. The analysis focused on the characteristics of activities, technical patterns, and forms of practice that emerge as representations of martial arts in a modern context.Results. The analysis shows that martial arts practice in formal contexts is dominated by core techniques that are safe and controlled. These practice patterns reflect the martial arts' adaptation to modern demands without losing fundamental values ​​such as discipline, self-control, and precision.Conclusion. This research confirms that martial arts, as a human heritage, are dynamic and maintained through practices that remain vibrant and relevant to contemporary social contexts. Understanding actual practices is key to designing sustainable martial arts preservation strategies.
Management and promotion of martial arts, across disciplines and styles Cynarski, Wojciech J.
International Martial Arts and Culture Journal Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025): International Journal of Martial Arts and Culture
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/imacj77019

Abstract

Perspective: Among the many martial arts, disciplines, and styles, only a few have achieved global renown. Managing a company or other martial arts organization requires promotional activities. The broader concept of marketing and the General Theory of Fighting Arts provide the theoretical foundation for this discussion. Problem: Are there any relationships between the type of promotional activities and fame, popularity, and measurable organizational success? How does presence in popular culture (films, books, celebrities) contribute to the international popularity of a given martial art style?. Method: A multiple case study was conducted for five relatively popular martial arts styles. Promotion of the style in films, books, through celebrities, international organizations, and the history of the master was considered. Included: 1) Kyokushin karate; 2) Wing Tsun kung fu; 3) American kenpo karate; 4) Jeet Kune Do kung fu; 5) Chuck Norris System. Results: International popularity is achieved only through a combination of the following promotional activities: film appearances, books, celebrity students, and organizational development. Conclusions: In the absence of such activities, the distinguished master-teacher and his school remain largely unknown or little known. Particularly in martial arts that reject competitive sports, it is difficult to achieve greater international popularity.
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