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Itar And The Security Exception: Lessons For Developing Indonesian Defensive Satellites Aris Rahmat Juliannoor; Sefriani
Prophetic Law Review Vol. 5 No. 1 June 2023
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/PLR.vol5.iss1.art1

Abstract

Outer space technological development, pioneered by military superpowers including the USA, China, and Russia gives other countries a variety of technologies which they have chosen to use to strengthen their national defence. “The higher the demand, the more expensive it gets.” A country is free to choose what technology to use, but the producer controls who can use their technology. Policies to limit or control space-technology is most clearly reflected by USA policy, named ITAR (International Trade in Arms Regulation), which enables the USA to choose who is able to avail themselves of space technology. A quasi-arbitrary policy like ITAR has harmed the spirit and the soul of international trade law which empowers the “free trade” market that is happening in today’s world. Policy alike has made the US gripped other countries like Indonesia and made them ‘dependence’ on their sophisticated technology and deprived other state’s sovereignty on their space technology, eventually. This study analysed this unprecedented subject through the lens of International Law, especially International Trade Law, encompassing related laws like GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades) and related precedents on WTO (World Trade Organization) DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) judicial decisions. The results of analysis through international law, assisted with dependence theory and world-system theory (1) categorize the related policy as a violation of GATT, specifically to Article XXI (b) point (ii) about security exception and (2) for the future of Indonesian outer space development, this country should utilize a security exception clause to release itself from the atrocities of ITAR policy or other similar policies.Keywords: Outer Space, Dependence, International Law, and Policy. Itar Dan Pengecualian Keamanan: Pelajaran Untuk Membangun Satelit Pertahanan Indonesia AbstrakPerkembangan teknologi luar angkasa yang dipelopori oleh negara-negara adidaya militer termasuk Amerika Serikat, China, dan Rusia memberi negara-negara lain berbagai teknologi yang mereka pilih untuk digunakan untuk memperkuat pertahanan nasional mereka. “Semakin tinggi permintaan, semakin mahal harganya.” Suatu negara bebas memilih teknologi apa yang akan digunakan, tetapi produsen mengontrol siapa yang dapat menggunakan teknologi mereka. Kebijakan untuk membatasi atau mengendalikan teknologi luar angkasa paling jelas tercermin dalam kebijakan AS, yang disebut ITAR (International Trade in Arms Regulation), yang memungkinkan AS untuk memilih siapa yang dapat memanfaatkan teknologi luar angkasa. Kebijakan semi-arbitrer seperti ITAR telah mencederai semangat dan jiwa hukum perdagangan internasional yang memberdayakan pasar “perdagangan bebas” yang terjadi di dunia saat ini. Kebijakan serupa telah membuat AS mencengkeram negara lain seperti Indonesia dan membuat mereka 'ketergantungan' pada teknologi canggih mereka dan pada akhirnya mencabut kedaulatan negara lain atas teknologi luar angkasa mereka. Studi ini menganalisis subjek yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya ini melalui lensa Hukum Internasional, khususnya Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, yang mencakup undang-undang terkait seperti GATT (Persetujuan Umum tentang Tarif dan Perdagangan) dan preseden terkait pada keputusan yudisial WTO (Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia) DSB (Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa). Hasil analisis melalui hukum internasional dibantu dengan teori ketergantungan dan teori sistem dunia (1) mengkategorikan kebijakan terkait sebagai pelanggaran GATT, khususnya Pasal XXI (b) poin (ii) tentang pengecualian keamanan dan (2) untuk masa depan pembangunan luar angkasa Indonesia, negara ini harus menggunakan klausul pengecualian keamanan untuk melepaskan diri dari kekejaman kebijakan ITAR atau kebijakan serupa lainnya.Kata kunci: Luar Angkasa, Ketergantungan, Hukum Internasional, dan Kebijakan.
The Concept Of Licensing Authority Of The Architectural Work Modification Of Cultural Heritage Buildings M.G. Endang Sumiarni; Yustina Niken Sharaningtyas; Sefriani; Y. Sri Pudyatmoko
Prophetic Law Review Vol. 4 No. 2 December 2022
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/PLR.vol4.iss2.art2

Abstract

This research aims to identify the licensing authority over architectural works and modification of designated Cultural Heritages. In addition, this research examines the antinomy of legal concepts, including the antinomy of the legal concept of a licensing authority, the antinomy of the legal concept of modification of creation, and the antinomy of the legal concept of cultural heritage. With normative research, this study reveals that there is no legal certainty, between the local and central government, concerning licensing authority to cultural heritage building adaptation. There is no such a unitary system or firm and clear SOPs, which has resulted in the demolition and destruction of cultural heritage buildings. There are differences of opinion regarding the authority to permit the alteration of architectural works of cultural heritage buildings that have been stipulated. Permits for the restoration of cultural heritage buildings are obtained not through a building permit but through BPPM DIY (Licensing and Investment Service). These permits include restoration permits, adaptation permits, and development permits, especially for revitalization and utilization. There is no balance between moral and economic rights of the owner of the cultural heritage building. The preservation is more likely to emphasize moral rights but still overlooking the economic rights of the creator/owner.Keywords: licensing authority, architectural work, adaptation, cultural heritage building. Konsep Otoritas Perizinan Modifikasi Karya Arsitektur Bangunan Cagar Budaya AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kewenangan perizinan atas karya arsitektur dan modifikasi Cagar Budaya yang ditetapkan. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengkaji antinomi konsep hukum, antara lain antinomi konsep hukum otoritas perizinan, antinomi konsep hukum modifikasi ciptaan, dan antinomi konsep hukum warisan budaya. Dengan kajian normatif, kajian ini mengungkapkan bahwa belum ada kepastian hukum, antara pemerintah daerah dan pusat, mengenai kewenangan perizinan terhadap adaptasi bangunan cagar budaya. Tidak ada sistem kesatuan atau SOP yang tegas dan jelas sehingga mengakibatkan pembongkaran dan perusakan bangunan cagar budaya. Terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai kewenangan izin perubahan karya arsitektur bangunan cagar budaya yang telah ditetapkan. Izin pemugaran bangunan cagar budaya diperoleh bukan melalui izin mendirikan bangunan melainkan melalui BPPM DIY (Dinas Perizinan dan Penanaman Modal). Izin tersebut meliputi izin restorasi, izin adaptasi, dan izin pembangunan, terutama untuk revitalisasi dan pemanfaatan. Tidak ada keseimbangan antara hak moral dan ekonomi pemilik bangunan cagar budaya. Pelestarian tersebut lebih cenderung mengedepankan hak moral namun tetap mengabaikan hak ekonomi pencipta/pemilik.Kata Kunci: perizinan, karya arsitektur, adaptasi, bangunan cagar budaya.
Status Hukum Relawan Perang Yang Direkrut Ukraina Dalam Perang Rusia-Ukraina Ilyas Roneo; Sefriani
Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia Vol. 3 No. 5 SEPTEMBER 2025
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia

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Abstract

During the war against Russia, Ukraine used military volunteers to help its armed forces defend their territory. There are no regulations governing the status of military volunteers and the legal consequences arising from the use of military volunteers. This research aims to determine the legal status of people involved in war and the legal consequences of granting status to war volunteers. By using normative legal research using a law approach, study case and conseptual. The results of the research show that people involved in the Russian-Ukrainian war are divided into two, namely combatants and war. The legal consequence of granting war volunteer status is that they have the same qualifications as a legitimate combatant and do not receive status as an illegal combatant so they have the rights of being a prisoner of war and can become an object of war.