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Salam, Kazeem
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Synthesis and Characterization of Composite Emulsifier from Periwinkle Shell and Gum Arabic applied in Oil-Water Emulsification Process Balogun, Ismail O.; Dada, Ebenezer O.; Salam, Kazeem
Journal of Green Chemical and Environmental Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Green Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Publisher : Candela Edutech Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63288/jgcee.v1i2.6

Abstract

The Synthetic surfactants employed in the management of oil-polluted water through the emulsification process usually lead to introducing secondary pollutants with more toxic effects on the environment. However, the need to safely mitigate the environmental impact of oil pollution has led to the increasing demand for eco-friendly, bio-based materials for the treatment of oil-polluted water. The effect of Periwinkle Chitosan-Gum Arabic (PSC-GA) composite emulsifier on the stability of oil-water emulsion (10% v/v) was investigated. Chitosan was extracted from the Periwinkle shell through the sequential order of decolorization, demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation with 40% NaOH (DCMPA) resulting in a yield of 5.96%. The emulsifier was formed with mixtures of chitosan and gum Arabic at 0%, 1%, and 2% each dissolved in 1%, 2%, and 3% aqueous acetic acid (AA) solution in a randomized experimental design using Box Behnken Design (BBD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of Design Expert (Version 13). An optimum composition of 1.10% PSC, 1.54% GA, and 1.51% AA for the emulsifier with 97.6% stability was obtained from the optimization of the emulsion stability index. This study shows that PSC-GA composite is an effective emulsifier capable of producing stable emulsion with CMC of 0.02 g/l at 0.039 N/m and  Zeta potential of over -36 mV which could be applied for the emulsification process in the oil-polluted environment to prevent oil migration.
Sustainable Conversion of Palm Kernel Shells into Activated Carbon for the Removal of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from Industrial Paint Wastewater Sole-Adeoye, Opeoluwa; Olowonyo, Idayat; Salam, Kazeem; Adedayo, Oreofe; Akinwumi, Odunayo; Owolabi, Stephen
Journal of Green Chemical and Environmental Engineering Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): Journal of Green Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Publisher : Candela Edutech Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63288/jgcee.v1i3.14

Abstract

Industrial paint effluents are major contributors to aquatic heavy metal contamination, creating serious environmental and public health concerns. Conventional treatment methods are often costly and unsustainable, underscoring the need for renewable and effective alternatives. In this study, palm kernel shells (PKS), an abundant agricultural byproduct, were valorized into activated carbon (PKS-AC) for the removal of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions from real paint effluent. The adsorbent was prepared through chemical activation and high-temperature carbonization, yielding a material with high fixed carbon content (69.2%) and reduced volatile matter (14.0%), which provided structural stability and enhanced adsorption sites. Batch adsorption experiments revealed optimal conditions at pH 7, 90 minutes, 2.0 g/L dosage, and 55 °C, achieving removal efficiencies of 68.75% (Cu²⁺) and 67.50% (Zn²⁺). Kinetic modeling followed the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption, while thermodynamic analysis confirmed the process to be spontaneous and endothermic. Importantly, regeneration tests showed PKS-AC retained strong performance over multiple cycles, highlighting its reusability. The novelty of this work lies in demonstrating the efficacy of PKS-derived activated carbon for treating real industrial paint wastewater, rather than synthetic solutions, while providing a complete evaluation of adsorption performance, kinetics, thermodynamics, and reusability. These findings establish PKS-AC as a sustainable, cost-effective, and circular-economy-driven adsorbent for large-scale wastewater treatment.
Co-Authors Adedayo, Oreofe Akinwumi, Odunayo Balogun, Ismail O. Dada, Ebenezer O. Olowonyo, Idayat Owolabi, Stephen Sole-Adeoye, Opeoluwa