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All Journal Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan Journal of Applied Nursing and Health
Effendy, Nuraeni
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health Veterinary

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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine in Reducing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Contamination in Nebulizer Equipment Wisnasari, Shila; Ariningpraja, Rustiana Tasya; Lestari, Retno; Ahsan, Ahsan; Effendy, Nuraeni
Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan Vol 13, No 2 (2025): EDITION JULY 2025
Publisher : Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33366/jc.v13i2.6313

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant healthcare-associated pathogen, capable of spreading through contaminated aerosols generated by medical equipment such as nebulizers. The increasing prevalence of MRSA infections, coupled with challenges in effective disinfection, highlights the urgency of identifying optimal disinfection methods. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in reducing MRSA contamination in nebulizer equipment, focusing on determining the optimal concentration for disinfecting nebulizers to minimize airborne transmission. This study employed an in vitro experimental design. The study population consisted of MRSA isolates obtained from clinical sputum specimens. The samples included nebulizer equipment inoculated with MRSA suspensions standardized to 10⁷ CFU/mL. Disinfection was carried out using chlorhexidine at concentrations of 2.5%, 4%, and 5%, each diluted in 70% alcohol. Control groups were rinsed with sterile saline and 70% alcohol. Post-disinfection, the nebulizer surfaces were swabbed and cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar to quantify colony-forming units (CFUs). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, with a significance level set at p 0.05. The results show that chlorhexidine 2.5% reduced bacterial counts to an average of 1 CFU/plate, and 4% chlorhexidine reduced it to 49 CFU/plate. Chlorhexidine 5% resulted in an average of 1,430.6625 CFU/plate. Statistical analysis revealed significant reductions with 2.5% and 4% chlorhexidine compared to controls (p0.01), whereas 5% Chlorhexidine did not show a significant difference. These findings suggest that lower concentrations of chlorhexidine may be sufficient for effective disinfection in nebulizer equipment, addressing the risk of MRSA spread through airborne particles.
Resilience, Psychological Well-Being, and Academic Success in Blended Learning: A Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare Students Effendy, Nuraeni; Ariningpraja, Rustiana Tasya; Lestari, Retno
Journal of Applied Nursing and Health Vol. 7 No. 3 (2025): Journal of Applied Nursing and Health
Publisher : Chakra Brahmanda Lentera Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55018/janh.v7i3.275

Abstract

Background: Students in healthcare are expected to face high clinical and academic stressors that may influence their psychological well-being and academic achievement. Resilience plays a significant role in helping students navigate these challenges while maintaining their well-being. The research examines the relationship between psychological well-being, resilience, and academic achievement among Universitas Brawijaya healthcare students in a blended learning environment. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was employed, and 302 students participated through purposive sampling. Data were collected through the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30) and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale, with GPA as an indicator of academic performance. This study was reported in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Results: A strong positive relationship between resilience and psychological well-being (r = 0.615, p < 0.01), highlighting the focus on resilience as an effective protective factor. There was, nonetheless, no significant correlation between resilience and GPA (r = -0.006, p = 0.913).. Conclusion: Among the psychological well-being factors, environmental mastery, autonomy, and purpose in life contributed significantly to academic resilience. These findings suggest that cultivating psychological well-being, particularly ecological mastery and self-acceptance, can enable resilience in online learning environments.
Pre-Clinical Laboratory Evaluation of Chlorhexidine for Disinfection of Semi-Critical Respiratory Equipment in Nursing Practice Ariningpraja, Rustiana Tasya; Ulfa, Marina; Jayadi, Lukky; Maslukha, Andini; Effendy, Nuraeni
Journal of Applied Nursing and Health Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Applied Nursing and Health
Publisher : Chakra Brahmanda Lentera Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55018/janh.v8i1.546

Abstract

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a persistent challenge in nursing practice, particularly in the reprocessing of semi-critical respiratory equipment. Although chlorhexidine is widely used as an antiseptic, evidence regarding its pre-clinical disinfectant performance, physicochemical suitability, and waste safety within nurse-led device reprocessing workflows remains limited. This gap is especially relevant in settings where reusable respiratory devices are routinely handled by nurses. Methods: This study employed a pre-clinical experimental laboratory design. The independent variable was chlorhexidine concentration, while dependent variables included antimicrobial efficacy (phenol coefficient), physicochemical parameters (pH, specific gravity, viscosity), and acute toxicity. Antimicrobial testing was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Physicochemical assessments followed standardized laboratory procedures, and acute toxicity was evaluated using Danio rerio (zebrafish) larvae to inform waste disposal safety. Expert validation was conducted using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Descriptive and endpoint-based analyses were applied without inferential statistics. Results: Chlorhexidine demonstrated strong bactericidal activity against both test organisms, with phenol coefficient values indicating effective disinfectant performance. Physicochemical characteristics remained within acceptable ranges for semi-critical respiratory device reprocessing. Toxicity assessment showed dose-dependent larval mortality, indicating the need for dilution before waste discharge. Expert validation identified chlorhexidine 7.5% as the most clinically relevant concentration for nurse-led practice. No p-values were applied due to the endpoint-based experimental design. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine shows effective pre-clinical disinfectant potential for semi-critical respiratory equipment within controlled laboratory conditions. Its application in nursing practice should be accompanied by standardized concentration control and mandatory dilution before disposal to mitigate environmental toxicity. Further clinical and field-based validation is recommended.
Co-Authors Ahsan Ahsan Ariningpraja, Rustiana Tasya Lukky jayadi Maslukha, Andini Retno Lestari Ulfa, Marina Wisnasari, Shila