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THYROID AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND EFFECT ON DEVELOPMENT TO THYROID CANCER Tuamah, Mustafa Raheem
International Journal Multidisciplinary (IJMI) Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): International Journal Multidisciplinary (IJMI)
Publisher : Antis-Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61796/ijmi.v2i4.368

Abstract

Objective: This study investigates the association between autoimmune thyroid diseases—specifically Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD)—and the development of thyroid cancer, with a primary focus on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze epidemiological trends, immunopathological mechanisms, and tumor microenvironment factors linking autoimmunity to thyroid carcinogenesis. Results: The findings indicate a significant correlation between autoimmune thyroid disorders and increased incidence of PTC, suggesting that chronic inflammation may contribute to oncogenic genetic alterations in thyroid epithelial cells. Interestingly, HT appears to paradoxically confer favorable clinical outcomes, including reduced tumor aggressiveness, enhanced responsiveness to radioiodine therapy, and improved survival, likely due to heightened immune surveillance. Additionally, the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was associated with increased lymph node metastasis, highlighting their role in shaping a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Novelty: This study provides integrative insights into the dual role of autoimmunity in both promoting and modulating thyroid cancer progression, and underscores the importance of the tumor microenvironment—particularly CAFs—in influencing metastatic behavior in PTC.
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF ALLIUM SATIVUM AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND ITS SYNERGISTIC INTERACTION WITH CONVENTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS Tuamah, Mustafa Raheem
International Journal Multidisciplinary (IJMI) Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): International Journal Multidisciplinary (IJMI)
Publisher : Antis-Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61796/ijmi.v2i4.371

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential of Allium sativum (garlic) as an alternative antibacterial agent in the context of rising antibiotic resistance. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Allium sativum against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Sources included peer-reviewed journals in microbiology, pharmacology, and ethnomedicine. Results: The analysis reveals that Allium sativum exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR bacteria. Its bioactive compounds, such as allicin, disrupt bacterial cell walls, inhibit enzyme activity, and prevent biofilm formation. The low incidence of side effects and the affordability of garlic make it a viable candidate for complementary or integrative antimicrobial therapies. Novelty: This study highlights the relevance of traditional medicinal plants in modern antimicrobial drug discovery, emphasizing Allium sativum as a sustainable, natural, and accessible alternative in combating antibiotic-resistant infections, with implications for public health and pharmaceutical innovation.
MOLECULAR DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 BY REAL-TIME RT-PCR AND THE ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS (IL-4 AND IL-6) WITH COVID-19 PATIENT GROUPS Tuamah, Mustafa Raheem; Jasim, Zahra Mohammed
Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology Vol. 2 No. 12 (2025): Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology
Publisher : PT. Antis International Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61796/jmgcb.v2i12.1471

Abstract

Objective: Coronaviruses (CoVs) refer to one of the RNA virus infections that can appear as diseases affecting humans. They're enveloped viruses with massive single-strand positive-sense RNA genomes that can infect humans, animals, birds, bats, mice, and a number of other wild creatures’ respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Method: Viral samples were collected from 90 patients through nasopharyngeal swabs. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 serum patients’ cytokines were identified by ELISA, while SARS-CoV-2 IL-4 and IL-6 were recognized using the chemiluminescence method. Result: The S gene is generally present in the early stages of infection, with only a few extended periods of contamination, whereas the E gene appears in the later stages of disease—one to several weeks after the onset of infection—while the N gene appears to a lesser extent. With 90% amino acid homology and fewer modifications over time, the N gene is more regulated and stable. The (S and E gene) heterozygote shows a higher rate than the others. Novelty: This study highlights distinct gene expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2 during different stages of infection, revealing that the N gene exhibits greater stability and regulatory consistency, which could be significant for diagnostic and molecular surveillance applications.