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All Journal Aviation Electronics, Information Technology, Telecommunications, Electricals, Controls (AVITEC) Journal Geuthee of Engineering and Energy
Abed, Saif Ahmed
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Aerospace Engineering Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Design and Simulation of Optimized Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Electrical Interconnection Systems Hasan, Ihsan Jabbar; Abed, Saif Ahmed; Salih, Nahla Abdul Jalil; Abdulkhaleq, Nadhir Ibrahim
Aviation Electronics, Information Technology, Telecommunications, Electricals, and Controls (AVITEC) Vol 7, No 3 (2025): November (Special Issue)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Dirgantara Adisutjipto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28989/avitec.v7i3.3082

Abstract

Maintaining frequency stability in modern interconnected power systems is critical for operational reliability, especially under varying load demands. Load Frequency Control (LFC) plays a pivotal role in balancing power exchanges and preserving nominal frequency across multi-area grids. This paper presents the design, modeling, and optimization of a two-area Load Frequency Control (LFC) system in interconnected power networks using MATLAB/Simulink. Each area comprises a governor, turbine, generator-load system, and a PID controller to regulate frequency deviations and maintain system stability following load disturbances. The study investigates the effects of key system parameters—including governor and turbine time constants, generator inertia, and tie-line coupling—on dynamic performance. To address mismatched responses between areas, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to tune system parameters and improve coordination. The optimization aims to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power fluctuations while enhancing system response. Simulation results show that the proposed optimization approach significantly improves dynamic performance. Specifically, frequency deviations in both areas are reduced by over 55%, tie-line power fluctuation is minimized by 62.5%, and settling times for frequency responses are shortened by over 44%. These improvements demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimization strategy in enhancing inter-area coordination and system resilience. The framework also serves as a practical simulation-based educational tool for power engineering students and researchers to exploreLFC design and control strategies in multi-area systems.
Failure-tolerant dispatch optimization for off-grid hybrid energy systems using PSO Khaleq, Nadhir Ibrahim; Hasan, Ihsan Jabbar; Abed, Saif Ahmed
Journal Geuthee of Engineering and Energy Vol 4, No 2 (2025): Journal Geuthee of Engineering and Energy
Publisher : Geuthèë Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52626/joge.v4i2.61

Abstract

Hybrid energy systems are increasingly vital in ensuring uninterrupted power delivery in remote or solar-dependent regions. This study addresses the operational challenges in such systems under failure scenarios by integrating advanced optimization techniques. This paper presents a failure-tolerant optimization approach for dispatching power in off-grid hybrid energy systems comprising solar, battery, and fuel generator sources. The objective is to ensure reliable energy delivery under failure conditions using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A comparative analysis with a conventional greedy algorithm reveals that PSO significantly reduces unmet demand, particularly under critical component outages. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, simulating three failure scenarios—solar, battery, and fuel. The comparison between PSO and the greedy dispatch method was carried out using unmet load percentage, fuel consumption, and reliability index as key evaluation metrics, with the PSO executed for 50 iterations using 30 particles to ensure convergence. Results show that the PSO dispatcher achieved unmet energy reductions from 59.61% to 17.01% in fuel failure cases while minimizing fuel usage during renewable outages. The study concludes that PSO offers a promising solution for resilient energy management in isolated or rural microgrids.
Co-Authors Abdulkhaleq, Nadhir Ibrahim Hasan, Ihsan Jabbar Khaleq, Nadhir Ibrahim Salih, Nahla Abdul Jalil