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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Chemistry
Salman, Ali Mohammed
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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Detecting Hesperidin in Pharmaceutical Forms via Sensitive and Eco-Friendly Cloud Point Extraction Method Utilizing Spectrophotometry Salman, Ali Mohammed; Abed, Sadeem Subhi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 25, No 5 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.106702

Abstract

A spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of hesperidin (HSP) in pharmaceutical preparations and bulk powder, characterized by sensitivity, simplicity, and ecofriendliness. The method involves diazotization of p-chloroaniline (PCA), followed by coupling with HSP in an alkaline medium. The resulting azo product is extracted using the cloud point extraction (CPE) with Triton X-114, and the absorbance was measured at 437 nm. Two approaches were used, i.e., the batch spectrophotometric method and the CPE technique. The batch method showed a detection limit of 0.409 μg/mL, while the CPE method achieved a significantly lower detection limit of 0.023 µg/mL. The linearity ranges were 3–40 and 1–8.5 μg/mL of HSP for the batch and CPE methods. Both methods demonstrated high precision (RSD < 1.17%) and excellent recovery rates, 99.18 to 102.27% for the batch method and 97.32 to 104.28% for CPE, with an enrichment factor of 4.7 using CPE. The methods were successfully applied to the analysis of HSP in supplement formulations and spiked urine samples without significant interference. A greenness evaluation using AGREE software confirmed its environmentally friendly nature. The proposed method offers a reliable, green, low-cost analytical approach suitable for routine pharmaceutical quality control in laboratories to analyze HSP in dosage forms.
Co-Authors Abed, Sadeem Subhi