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Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Effects of H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄ Attack on Porcelain-Based Geopolymer Concrete Klingsad, Rada; Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 8 (2025): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-08-09

Abstract

This study examined the durability of porcelain-based geopolymer concrete when exposed to strong acids, chlorides, and sulfates. Specimens prepared with a 14M NaOH solution and initially cured at 105°C for 24 hours were submerged in acidic and alkaline solutions for varying durations—3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 90 days. Compressive and splitting tensile strength tests were conducted to assess material performance. The results showed that immersion in H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄ solutions led to weight loss and reductions in both compressive and splitting tensile strengths. Strength deterioration was more pronounced in the early stages, with a peak weight loss rate of 15.32 g/day. After 90 days in 20% H₂SO₄, 20% HCl, and 20% MgSO₄ solutions, the residual compressive strengths were measured at 2.80, 14.19, and 3.29 N/mm², respectively, while splitting tensile strengths were recorded at 0.40, 1.21, and 0.51 N/mm². The ratio of splitting tensile strength to compressive strength (fsp/f’c) was influenced by molar concentration and immersion duration. Experimental findings revealed that a high molarity NaOH solution and elevated curing temperature enhanced resistance to HCl attack more effectively than H₂SO₄ and MgSO₄. Moreover, the experimental data closely aligned with the ACI 318 design code, though it tended to overestimate tensile strength.
Shrinkage Characteristics and Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Waste-Based Geopolymers Mortar Under Chemical Exposure Klingsad, Rada; Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-012

Abstract

This study investigated microstructural analyses, dry shrinkage, and autogenous shrinkage of mortar using defective sanitary ware porcelain as a low-calcium material with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃). Additionally, the abrasive resistance of concrete was examined under chemical corrosion environments of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄. The microstructural analyses using XRF, DTA-TGA, and SEM were conducted at 28 days. For specimen preparation, mortar specimens were oven-cured for 2 h at 105°C, while concrete specimens were oven-cured for 24 h and air-cured for 28 days before undergoing chemical immersion at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 90 days. NaOH concentrations of 8, 10, 12, and 14 Molar (M) were used. The results indicated that shrinkage in porcelain-based geopolymer mortars increased with higher NaOH concentration, and increasing the initial curing temperature led to increased mortar shrinkage. The autogenous shrinkage of 14M alkali-activated porcelain mortar was found to be higher than that of 8M, 10M, and 12M NaOH concentration mortars. Additionally, increasing the NaOH concentration reduced the abrasive resistance of the concrete. The maximum weight loss values were 8.21%, 6.91%, and 0.96% for 20% H₂SO₄ (90 days immersion), HCl (90 days immersion), and 20% MgSO₄ (90 days immersion), respectively. The microstructural findings confirmed the formation of gel-intact phases, highlighting the importance of curing time and NaOH concentration in low-calcium binder material. This study emphasized the critical role of curing temperature in optimizing the mechanical and durability properties of defective sanitary ware porcelain-based geopolymer.
Influence of Polypropylene Fiber on Mechanical and Shrinkage Behavior of Porcelain Based Geopolymer Klingsad , Rada; Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-024

Abstract

This study examines the effects of polypropylene (PP) fiber content and initial curing temperature on shrinkages, mechanical properties, and microstructural characteristics of porcelain-based geopolymers. Geopolymer mixes were prepared with PP fiber dosages of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by weight and initially cured at 60 °C, 75 °C, 90 °C, and 105 °C. Autogenous and drying shrinkage were monitored at 24 h, 72 h and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, and 120 days, while compressive and splitting tensile strengths were tested at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of PP fiber not only shortened the setting time but also significantly reduced both autogenous and drying shrinkage of the geopolymer mortar. The most favorable performance was observed in specimens containing 2.0% PP fiber cured at 105 °C, which exhibited the lowest shrinkage values. Autogenous shrinkage was 439 μɛ at 24 h and 392 μɛ at 120 days, while drying shrinkage was 544 μɛ at 24 h and 194 μɛ at 120 days. Increasing fiber content decreased porosity, producing a more compact, homogeneous matrix and improving mechanical performance of concrete specimens, particularly splitting tensile strength; the optimal dosage was 2%, yielding 28‑day compressive strength of 41.03 N/mm² and splitting tensile strength of 7.65 N/mm².
Co-Authors Klingsad , Rada Klingsad, Rada