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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry
Chibuike Sylvester, Onyima
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Physicochemical, Proximate, Heavy Metals and Antimicrobial Assessment of Few Selected Herbal Medicinal Products Consumed in Awka, Anambra State, Southeastern, Nigeria Onyema Agu, Matthew; Dennis Onyema, Anayochukwu; Yakubu, Shedrach; Chibuike Sylvester, Onyima
Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ijgc.v2i1.320

Abstract

Traditional medicine remains the principal approach to healthcare in the third world, but knowledge about preparation methods, toxicological effects, and side effects is lacking. This study evaluates the quality of local herbal medicines in Awka, Anambra State, Southeastern, Nigeria by assessing the proximate composition, physicochemical, heavy metals, and antimicrobial efficacy of a few selected herbal medicines. The physiochemical analysis of herbal drugs revealed high acidity, except for the herbal medicine called ‘Evacuation’. The evaluated Herbal medicines are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenol, and saponins but poor in protein, resin, steroid, and terpenoid. The concentrations of iron, chromium, and lead exceeded WHO/FAO limits. The Herbal medicines have lower zones of inhibition as compared to the 99 % efficacy inscription on the label. In the case of proximate composition, the herbal medicine ‘Super 7’ contains higher protein, fat, and ash content, while ‘Deep root’ has the highest fiber, ADC has the highest moisture, and Evacuation has the highest carbohydrate. Therefore, from a toxicological point of view, some of these herbal medicines may not be safe for consumption and they may pose health risks ranging from kidney failure, gastrointestinal disorder, dysentery, and cancer of the vital organs of the consumers due to the presence of toxic metals, high acidity, and imbalance in concentrations of the bioactive constituents.
Morphological and Spectroscopic Characterization of Costus afer Ker Gawl. Leaf on Surface Modification with Archachatina marginata Mucus as a Potential Carrier for Anti-diabetic Therapy Matthew Onyema, Agu; Yakubu, Shedrach; Cletus, Ukwubile; Chibuike Sylvester, Onyima; Chibuzor Odidika, Collins; Chinedu Jude, Onwuka
Indonesian Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : Science Tech Group

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69930/ijgc.v2i1.321

Abstract

FTIR and SEM analyses were conducted on Costus afer Methanol leaf extract (CAPExt), Snail mucus (GALSM), and a mixture of extracts to study surface modification of snail mucus. The FTIR of the plant extract and mixed extracts [CAPExt/GALSM] showed strong absorption bands. The absorption bands at 3363.97 – 3363.25, 2854.74 – 2962.74, 1381.08 – 1450.52, 1519.96 – 1558.54, 1651.12 – 1712.85, 1242.20 – 1265.35, and 1033.88 – 1165.04 cm-1 were characteristic absorption peaks of O – H stretching vibrations, C – H deformation, aromatic rings, esters, acetyl groups, and carboxylate groups. SEM images reveal a smooth plant extract surface with a rough area containing bioactive molecules, while snail mucus morphology reveals crystalline cube-shaped molecules. SEM images reveal rocky, swollen, roughened, and bulging CAPExt/GALSM molecules, suggesting a new method for structural development of anti-diabetic drug carriers, potentially releasing plant material intermittently upon absorption.
Co-Authors Chibuzor Odidika, Collins Chinedu Jude, Onwuka Cletus, Ukwubile Dennis Onyema, Anayochukwu Matthew Onyema, Agu Onyema Agu, Matthew Yakubu, Shedrach