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All Journal Journal Electrical and Computer Experiences Scientific Journal of Engineering Research
Akpan, Vincent Andrew
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Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Library & Information Science

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Development of a Low-Cost Integrated Non-Invasive Glucose-Hemoglobin Meter Akpan, Vincent Andrew; Abodunrin, Bolaji Adewale
Journal Electrical and Computer Experiences Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : Tinta Emas Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59535/jece.v3i1.522

Abstract

Diabetes and Anemia are amongst the deadliest diseases known worldwide. To prevent further complications due to these diseases, it is vital to regularly monitor the blood glucose and hemoglobin levels. Conventional ways to measure these blood parameters are invasive, which involves finger puncturing. This method is painful and increases risk of infection. Over a long term, the invasive method results in damage of finger tissues. As an alternative, the non-invasive method can be used which facilitates frequent testing, relieves pain and discomfort caused by frequent finger pricks. This paper presents the development of a low-cost integrated non-invasive glucose-hemoglobin (NIGH) meter for the simultaneous measurement and monitoring glucose and hemoglobin level. The developed low-cost integrated NIGH meter is calibrated firstly using mathematical method and secondly against standard invasive methods of glucose and hemoglobin measurement. The low-cost integrated NIGH meter provides a user-friendly interface, displaying simultaneous real-time glucose and hemoglobin measurements. The results from the numerical analysis and Bland-Altman graphs of the developed NIGH meter shows good agreements with the standard invasive methods for the glucose and hemoglobin measurements; and indicates that the developed low-cost integrated NIGH meter can be deployed and use at home, clinical environments, hospitals and rural areas.
Real-Time Implementation of Integrated Optical Plus Filtered OFDM 5G Network Parameters for LTE and DVB-T2 Telecommunication Systems Ahmed-Ade, Fatai; Akpan, Vincent Andrew; Ogolo, Emmanuel Omonigho
Scientific Journal of Engineering Research Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): March
Publisher : PT. Teknologi Futuristik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64539/sjer.v2i1.2026.372

Abstract

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology to deliver mobile broadband and digital television services. This paper presents the real-time implementation of Optical plus Filtered OFDM (O+F OFDM) algorithms for Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile networks and Digital Video Broadcasting – Second Generation Terrestrial (DVB-T2) systems, with particular focus on deployments in emerging markets. The paper analyzes physical-layer configurations specified in 3GPP TS 36.211 and ETSI EN 302 755, including subcarrier spacing, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) sizes, cyclic prefix options, modulation schemes, and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) configurations. Field measurements from Nigerian LTE deployments reveal that while theoretical peak rates approach 300 Mbps with 4×4 MIMO on 20 MHz carriers, achieved throughput typically ranges from 15-35 Mbps due to backhaul constraints, interference, and suboptimal network configuration. For DVB-T2, we document parameters enabling 30-50% greater spectral efficiency than first-generation standards through enhanced forward error correction, larger FFT options (up to 32k subcarriers), and rotated constellations. The O+F OFDM implementation demonstrates superior performance characteristics: reduced out-of-band emissions (>45 dB suppression), improved spectral confinement within regulatory masks, and enhanced multipath resilience through optical filtering stages. System-level considerations including adaptive modulation and coding, Quality-of-Service (QoS) bearer management, Self-Organizing Network (SON) algorithms, and carrier aggregation are examined. We strongly recommend Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based real-time implementation of O+F OFDM for both MTN's LTE and GOtv's DVB-T2 systems to achieve deterministic signal processing latency below 5 microseconds, support adaptive parameter reconfiguration without hardware modifications, and enable power-efficient operation critical for Nigerian deployment scenarios with unreliable electrical infrastructure.
Co-Authors Abodunrin, Bolaji Adewale Ahmed-Ade, Fatai Ogolo, Emmanuel Omonigho