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All Journal Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems
Areeyat, Chatmongkol
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Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Chess Optimizer for Load Frequency Control of Three-Area Multi-Source Renewable Energy Based on PID Plus Second Order Derivative Controller Areeyat, Chatmongkol; Audomsi, Sitthisak; Obma, Jagraphon; Yang, Xiaoqing; Sa-Ngiamvibool, Worawat
International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems Vol 5, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : Association for Scientific Computing Electronics and Engineering (ASCEE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31763/ijrcs.v5i3.2052

Abstract

Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are increasingly integrated into multi-area power systems. However, their fluctuating and unpredictable characteristics pose challenges for sustaining system stability. Therefore, automatic generation control (AGC) is essential for the continual regulation of power and frequency in the system. This article presents the use of a Proportional–Integral–Derivative plus second-order derivative (PID+DD) controller for load frequency control in a three-area multi-source power system, which includes a thermal reheat power plant with a generation rate constraint (GRC) representing the maximum permissible change rate of generation output of 5% per min , a hydroelectric power plant with a  GRC of 370% per min, and a wind power plant where wind speeds vary across areas. The power generation ratio of the three areas is 1:2:4. The controller parameters were tuned using a Chess Optimizer (CO), a metaheuristic inspired by chess move complexity and planning, with specific weights assigned to each type of chess piece. Two load change scenarios were studied: a 10% step load perturbation (10% SLP) and a random load pattern (RLP).  Furthermore, experimental results based on the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) indicate that the PID+DD controller tuned by the Chess Optimizer achieved the lowest steady-state error in both scenarios (10% SLP and RLP). In Case 1 (SLP), it achieved an ITAE of 25.5072, representing a 9.70% reduction compared to the PID controller and a 1.96% reduction compared to the PI controller. In Case 2 (RLP), it achieved an ITAE of 88.0654, representing a 1.14% reduction compared to the PID controller and a 2.03% reduction compared to the PI controller. These improvements contribute to enhanced oscillation damping, reduced overshoot and undershoot, and improved frequency stability, demonstrating the practical applicability of the proposed approach in future smart grids with high renewable energy penetration.
Load frequency control of multi-source power system using PID+DD controller based on chess algorithm Areeyat, Chatmongkol; Audomsi, Sitthisak; Obma, Jagraphon; Yang, Xiaoqing; Sa-ngiamvibool, Worawat
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 6: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i6.10425

Abstract

This article presents load frequency control for a nonlinear multi-source power system divided into three areas, consisting of thermal reheat power plants, hydropower, and wind generation, while considering generation rate constraints (GRC). A proportional–integral–derivative (PID) plus second-order derivative (PID+DD) controller optimized using the chess algorithm (CA) is proposed. The effectiveness of CA is validated against hippopotamus optimization (HO), grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and ant lion optimizer (ALO) under two scenarios: a 10% step load perturbation (SLP) and a random load pattern (RLP). Simulation results indicate that the proposed CA significantly improves dynamic performance. In scenario 1 (10% SLP), CA achieves a reduction of approximately 30.5% in integral weight time absolute error (ITSE) compared to GWO and 43.7% compared to HO, while also reducing frequency undershoot in Area 2 by 15.2% compared to HO. In scenario 2 RLP, CA maintains robustness, limiting tie-line power deviations to ±8 MW, whereas HO exhibits deviations exceeding ±12 MW. Overall, the CA-tuned PID+DD controller demonstrates superior damping, reduced overshoot and undershoot, and enhanced stability across multi-area interconnected renewable systems, making it a promising approach for future real-time load frequency control (LFC) applications with higher renewable penetration.
Co-Authors Audomsi, Sitthisak Obma, Jagraphon Sa-ngiamvibool, Worawat Yang, Xiaoqing