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Maulana, Muhamad Silva
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Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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The Politics of Religious Recognition: A Comparative Study of Modern Government Policies in Indonesia and Turkey Maulana, Muhamad Silva
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i1.2435

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the politics of religious recognition through modern government policies in Indonesia and Turkey and compare the implications of the secularism model adopted on the position of religion in the public sphere. Religious recognition is a fundamental aspect of modern governance because it is directly related to the legitimacy of the state and socio-political stability. These two Muslim-majority countries allocate large proportions of the budget for religious administration despite adhering to the principle of secularism. This study uses a qualitative approach with a comparative study method through comparative policy analysis and comparative techniques between countries. Secondary data were collected through documentation studies and systematic literature analysis of policy documents, laws and regulations, and academic literature. The results of the study show that Indonesia implements the model of religious pluralism with restrictions through the formal recognition of six official religions to manage diversity within the framework of social harmony. Meanwhile, Turkey is undergoing a transformation from rigid secularism to controlled religious governance dominated by an interpretation of orthodox Islam under the leadership of the AKP. Both countries maintain state control over religious affairs through massive religious bureaucracies such as the MORA in Indonesia and the Diyanet in Turkey. This study confirms that the politics of religious recognition is not just an administrative matter, but a complex political strategy for managing plurality, legitimacy of power, and social stability in multicultural societies. Keyword: Politics of Religious Recognition, Religious Governance, Secularism, Religious Pluralism, Indonesia, Turkey
The Limitations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in Protecting Civilians in the Saudi Arabia–Yemen Cross-Border Conflict Maulana, Muhamad Silva
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i1.2450

Abstract

The cross-border armed conflict between Saudi Arabia and Yemen since 2015 has triggered the worst humanitarian crisis of this century, with hundreds of thousands of civilians being killed. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) normatively guarantees civilian protection through the principles of distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and humanity. However, the reality shows systematic violations in the form of airstrikes on civilian facilities, blockades resulting in mass starvation, and the indiscriminate use of weapons. This research uses a normative-critical method with a study of primary documents (the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols I & II, UN reports, the ICRC, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch) and a case study of the Saudi-Yemeni conflict. The analysis shows that the limitations of IHL are primarily due to the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms, the politicization of the UN Security Council, the asymmetry between state and non-state actors, and the ambiguity of the classification of international and non-international conflicts. In conclusion, although IHL norms are legally strong, their implementation remains weak due to subordination to political and military interests. Therefore, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, reforming international governance, and adapting norms to hybrid conflicts are necessary to strengthen civilian protection in modern armed conflicts.
The Politics of Religious Recognition: A Comparative Study of Modern Government Policies in Indonesia and Turkey Maulana, Muhamad Silva
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i1.2435

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the politics of religious recognition through modern government policies in Indonesia and Turkey and compare the implications of the secularism model adopted on the position of religion in the public sphere. Religious recognition is a fundamental aspect of modern governance because it is directly related to the legitimacy of the state and socio-political stability. These two Muslim-majority countries allocate large proportions of the budget for religious administration despite adhering to the principle of secularism. This study uses a qualitative approach with a comparative study method through comparative policy analysis and comparative techniques between countries. Secondary data were collected through documentation studies and systematic literature analysis of policy documents, laws and regulations, and academic literature. The results of the study show that Indonesia implements the model of religious pluralism with restrictions through the formal recognition of six official religions to manage diversity within the framework of social harmony. Meanwhile, Turkey is undergoing a transformation from rigid secularism to controlled religious governance dominated by an interpretation of orthodox Islam under the leadership of the AKP. Both countries maintain state control over religious affairs through massive religious bureaucracies such as the MORA in Indonesia and the Diyanet in Turkey. This study confirms that the politics of religious recognition is not just an administrative matter, but a complex political strategy for managing plurality, legitimacy of power, and social stability in multicultural societies. Keyword: Politics of Religious Recognition, Religious Governance, Secularism, Religious Pluralism, Indonesia, Turkey
The Limitations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in Protecting Civilians in the Saudi Arabia–Yemen Cross-Border Conflict Maulana, Muhamad Silva
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v6i1.2450

Abstract

The cross-border armed conflict between Saudi Arabia and Yemen since 2015 has triggered the worst humanitarian crisis of this century, with hundreds of thousands of civilians being killed. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) normatively guarantees civilian protection through the principles of distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and humanity. However, the reality shows systematic violations in the form of airstrikes on civilian facilities, blockades resulting in mass starvation, and the indiscriminate use of weapons. This research uses a normative-critical method with a study of primary documents (the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols I & II, UN reports, the ICRC, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch) and a case study of the Saudi-Yemeni conflict. The analysis shows that the limitations of IHL are primarily due to the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms, the politicization of the UN Security Council, the asymmetry between state and non-state actors, and the ambiguity of the classification of international and non-international conflicts. In conclusion, although IHL norms are legally strong, their implementation remains weak due to subordination to political and military interests. Therefore, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, reforming international governance, and adapting norms to hybrid conflicts are necessary to strengthen civilian protection in modern armed conflicts.
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