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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics Jurnal Teknokes
Che Ani, Norhidayah
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Evaluating the Reliability of SpO₂ and BPM Readings in Commercial Smartwatches Compared to a Standard Oximeter Wibowo, Kusnanto Mukti; Royan, Royan; Latif, Abdul; Susanto, Fani; Fatiatun, Fatiatun; Irmawanto, Rudi; Che Ani, Norhidayah
Jurnal Teknokes Vol. 18 No. 2 (2025): June
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Elektromedik, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, Indonesia

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Abstract

The advancement of wearable technology has enabled commercial smartwatches to monitor vital health parameters such as blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and heart rate (BPM). This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of SpO₂ and BPM readings from three commercial smartwatches: Realme C2 Pro, Oraimo 2 Plus OSW-32N, and Haylou LS02 Pro by comparing them to a standard medical-grade oximeter (Beurer PO40). A total of 34 participants were recruited, representing a range of skin tones identified using the Fitzpatrick Skin Type Scale (Types I–V). Statistical analyses, including Pearson’s correlation and Bland-Altman plots, were used to assess the relationship and agreement between devices. Results showed that the Realme C2 Pro provided the highest accuracy, with 99.58% for SpO₂ and 98.515% for BPM, while the Haylou LS02 Pro showed the lowest accuracy at 99.24% for SpO₂ and 97.29% for BPM. Bland-Altman analysis revealed small biases and narrow limits of agreement, indicating that the smartwatches produced readings closely aligned with those of the medical device. Despite minor discrepancies, all smartwatches demonstrated strong potential for health monitoring applications. The discussion highlights factors influencing measurement accuracy, including sensor quality, algorithm performance, and user-specific variables such as skin tone. These findings support the role of smartwatches as accessible tools for early health detection and continuous monitoring. Although not intended to replace clinical instruments, properly optimized smartwatches can complement healthcare systems by enabling timely interventions and enhancing disease management.
Development and Acoustic Analysis of a Speaker-Output Stethoscope for Low-Cost Clinical Applications Wibowo, Kusnanto Mukti; Latif, Abdul; Susanto, Fani; Fatiatun, Fatiatun; Che Ani, Norhidayah
Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): November
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Elektromedik, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35882/ijeeemi.v7i4.125

Abstract

This study addresses the limitations of traditional stethoscopes, which are constrained by their single-user design, dependence on auditory acuity, and susceptibility to background noise. These limitations hinder collaborative learning and diagnostic accuracy, particularly in noisy environments or during infectious disease outbreaks. The aim of this work is to develop a low-cost, speaker-output digital stethoscope that enables multiple users to simultaneously listen to heart sounds, improving both clinical training and infection control. The main contribution of this study is the integration of a conventional analog stethoscope with a high-sensitivity microphone preamplifier, an external speaker, and digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. This configuration allows the amplification and filtering of heart sounds, enabling group auscultation without the need for earpieces. The device casing is constructed from High-Pressure Laminate (HPL) sheets and multiplex wood panels, while acoustic foam is used to reduce noise interference.  Heart sounds are captured via a microphone, amplified, and processed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and band-pass filtering (20–150 Hz) to isolate the key frequencies. The system was tested in a quiet clinical setting, and the resulting audio was analyzed for clarity and frequency spectrum. The prototype successfully captured heart sounds, with a dominant spectral peak around 97 Hz, consistent with the primary frequency of heartbeats. It also clearly identified the first (S1) and second (S2) heart sounds. However, ambient noise affected sound clarity, indicating the need for further noise reduction. Despite this limitation, the device successfully enabled group auscultation. In conclusion, the speaker-output stethoscope offers an affordable and effective alternative to traditional auscultation, enhancing medical training and improving infection control. Although noise reduction requires further refinement, the system demonstrates strong potential for application in clinical and educational settings, particularly in low-resource environments
Co-Authors Abdul Latif Fatiatun, Fatiatun Irmawanto, Rudi royan, royan Susanto, Fani W, Kusnanto Mukti