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All Journal Journal of Management, Accounting, General Finance and International Economic Issues (MARGINAL) Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI)
Azizah, Hasna
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Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Prinsip Fair and Equitable Treatment Sebagai Pembatas Host State Control Dalam Terminasi Kontrak Investasi Azizah, Hasna
Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) Vol 3, No 4 (2025): December
Publisher : Penerbit Yayasan Daarul Huda Kruengmane

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17462914

Abstract

Foreign investment plays a crucial role in national economic development, however, its implementation often involves tensions between the legal protection for investors and the host states’s sovereign right to control investment flows within its own jurisdiction in pursuit of national interests. To reconcile this potential conflict, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are established, to provide protection for foreign investors. These BITs incorporate the principle of Fair Equitable Treatment,which emphasize the host state’s obligation to act consistently, fairly and non-discriminatorily in regulating investments within its territory. This study analyzes the FET principle as a limitation on the host state authority to terminate investment contract. Using a normative juridical approach, this study examines the dynamics between a state's right to control foreign investment and the limitations imposed by the principle of Fair and Equitable Treatment. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of Fair and Equitable Treatment, which function as a legal framework that ensures investor protection by encouraging host countries to implement transparency, due process, and fair treatment when terminating investment contracts.
Factors Affecting Turnover Intentions Within Gen Z’s Working in Financial Company: Will Job Satisfaction Still Matters? Persada, Satrio Bangun; Prasetyo, Fahmi Dwi; Azizah, Hasna; Maharani, Anita
JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, ACCOUNTING, GENERAL FINANCE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ISSUES Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/marginal.v5i1.1949

Abstract

High employee turnover, especially among Generation Z, poses a serious challenge for organizational performance in the financial sector. Understanding how compensation, psychological empowerment, and job satisfaction affect turnover intention is essential for effective retention strategies. The purpose of this study was to explore several factors considered to influence turnover intention among Gen Z employees, namely compensation and psychological empowerment, and to examine the potential of job satisfaction as a mediator. This research approach was quantitative, with data collected through an online survey distributed to Generation Z employees specifically working in financial companies. For data analysis, the researcher used the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The results of the research indicated that receiving adequate compensation plays a crucial role in reducing employees’ intention to quit their jobs. However, compensation did not significantly increase job satisfaction, indicating that financial rewards alone are not sufficient to drive satisfaction among Generation Z. Conversely, psychological empowerment positively and significantly increased job satisfaction, but did not directly suppress turnover intention. Meanwhile, the link between job satisfaction and turnover intention was not found to be influenced by compensation or empowerment. Instead, factors such as career growth, clarity of purpose, and a healthy work-life balance were deemed to have a stronger impact on Gen Z employees’ decision to stay with a company. The implications of this study suggest the need for effective retention strategies to balance competitive compensation with empowerment initiatives to foster loyalty and satisfaction.
Tindakan Ultra Vires Pada Perseroan Perorangan yang Menyebabkan Penghapusan Tanggung Jawab Terbatas: Studi Komparatif Dengan Single Member Company (Sdn. Bhd) di Malaysia Azizah, Hasna
Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) Vol 4, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : Penerbit Yayasan Daarul Huda Kruengmane

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17894180

Abstract

This study examines the position and limits of liability of a sole shareholder in a Single-Member Company, including the application of the doctrines of ultra vires and piercing the corporate veil to directors’ actions that exceed their authority. Using a normative juridical approach and a comparative analysis with Malaysia’s Companies Act 2016, the research finds that Indonesian regulations remain insufficient in providing internal oversight mechanisms for companies owned by a single individual. Although the principles of asset separation and limited liability are recognized, the concentration of control in one person increases the risk of ultra vires actions, which may justify the removal of limited liability protections. Accordingly, Indonesia must strengthen its regulatory framework to ensure legal certainty and adequate protection for creditors, owners, and other stakeholders.
Co-Authors Anita Maharani Persada, Satrio Bangun Prasetyo, Fahmi Dwi