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All Journal IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)
Alyousif, Nassir Abdullah
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Environmental Science

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Optimization of the cultural conditions to enhance lipase production by environmental bacteria Hameed, Zainab Qais; Alyousif, Nassir Abdullah
IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry) Vol 10, No 3 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)

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Abstract

The production of lipase enzymes has played an essential role in biotechnology since they are used in various environmental applications, including oil pollution treatment. The present study aims to increase the production of lipase enzymes by optimizing nutritional and environmental factors from bacteria isolated from the soil and water from different sites in Basrah province. Seven bacterial isolates out of the fifty that showed positive results in the primary screening exhibited the highest activity in the secondary screening. These isolates belong to the species including Bacillus subtilis strain QD517, Bacillus velezensis strain Bac104, Bacillus subtilis strain PK9, Bacillus cereus strain RB1, Enterobacter cloacae strain YY-2, Bacillus subtilis strain SPA N1, and Bacillus velezensis strain FJ23. The values of lipase enzyme activities of the seven isolates under normal cultivation conditions were 49 U/ml, 28 U/ml, 24 U/ml, 23 U/ml, 23 U/ml, 18 U/ml, and 18 U/ml, respectively. Nutritional and environmental factors including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, phosphorus sources, temperature, pH, and incubation period were examined in this study to increase lipase enzyme activity.  The optimal environmental and nutritional conditions were 37 °C, a pH of 7, sunflower oil as the best carbon source, peptone as the best nitrogen source, NH₄H₂PO₄ as the best phosphorus supply and four days as the optimum period of incubation. The maximum lipase activity values for the seven bacterial isolates under optimal conditions were 89 U/ml, 91 U/ml, 86 U/ml, 92 U/ml, 88 U/ml, 88 U/ml, and 89 U/ml, respectively for the bacterial isolates of Bacillus velezensis strain Bac104, Bacillus subtilis strain PK9, Bacillus cereus strain RB1, Bacillus subtilis strain QD517, Bacillus subtilis strain SPA N1, Bacillus velezensis strain FJ23, and Enterobacter cloacae strain YY-2.
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil by Alkaline Transesterification Process Alkinani, Sudad Asaad; Al-Mousawi, Adnan A.; Okash, Anfas N.; Moyel, Mohammad Salim; Alyousif, Nassir Abdullah; Neamaa, Haider Hashim
IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry) Vol 10, No 2 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v10.i2.92

Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuels, coupled with frequent instability in their prices and environmental concerns related to the drawbacks of full dependence on conventional fossil fuels. considerably, biodiesel is found to be an ideal source of fuel that can efficiently replace conventional fuel diesel. Among various raw materials that can be exploited to produce biodiesel, waste cooking oils are highly recommended as an economically attractive option for biodiesel production. However, the high content of free fatty acids (FFA) in waste cooking oils presents the main barrier to the transesterification process. Therefore, in the current study, two types of waste cooking oils (WCO) collected from homes and restaurants were tested and the percentage of FFA in them was determined through a titration process. The results showed that the percentage of FFA in used cooking oils collected from homes was (1.193%), in contrast with (2.0096%) in WCO observed from the restaurant samples. Thus, WCO collected from homes was candidate to produce biodiesel and it was characterized using FTIR. Transesterification process was carried out in the presence of an alkaline catalyst (KOH), and the yield of biodiesel was reached to 85.4% in the presence of a 1% catalyst at 65 °C degrees and methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 for 90 min. The resulting biodiesel was characterized using FTIR and GC-MS, its properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, and pour point were diagnosed as good biodiesel properties based on ASTM standards. The results showed that the alkali-catalyzed transesterification process is an effective way to produce biodiesel from WCO as a source of energy in addition to reducing environmental pollution.
Co-Authors Al-Mousawi, Adnan A. Alkinani, Sudad Asaad Hameed, Zainab Qais Moyel, Mohammad Salim Neamaa, Haider Hashim Okash, Anfas N.