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Factors Affecting The Level Of Financial Inclusion: A Comparative Study Of Tanzania, Kenya And Uganda Derefa, Moshi James; Swai, Janeth Patrick; Ngollo, Magwana Ibrahim
KEUNIS Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): JULY 2025
Publisher : Finance and Banking Program, Accounting Department, Politeknik Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32497/keunis.v13i2.6284

Abstract

This research examined the comparative characteristics affecting financial inclusion in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. Despite Tanzania's robust economic development, its degree of financial inclusion remains inferior to that of its neighboring nations, Kenya and Uganda. The provision of accessible financial services to underrepresented people is essential for poverty alleviation and economic growth. This study used cross-sectional micro-level data from the Global Findex Database survey waves conducted in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2021. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) post-selection inference technique was used in the research to address issues arising from high-dimensional data and model selection bias. The results indicate that Kenya excels in financial inclusion, propelled by sophisticated digital financial institutions, whilst Tanzania lags behind. The significant primary drivers of financial inclusion were debit card utilization, bank borrowing, and demographic characteristics such as gender and education level while the use of credit cards amongst women had a negative influence on financial inclusion. The research underscores the significance of access to financial services and the contribution of digital finance to improving inclusion. It underscores the need for focused strategies to tackle obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure, insufficient financial literacy, and gender inequities. Research indicates that enhancing mobile money systems and advancing financial literacy, particularly for women and low-income populations, may close the financial inclusion gap. The report emphasizes the need for a more inclusive financial environment to guarantee fair economic growth
Internal Corporate Governance and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does It Mitigate or Intensify Earnings Management in East Africa? SWAI, JANETH PATRICK
Southeast Asian Business Review Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Southeast Asian Business Review - Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/sabr.v4i1.73064

Abstract

Abstract This study examine whether internal corporate governance mechanisms- specifically board attributes and ownership structure, mitigate or intensify accrual-based earnings management (AEM) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using hand-collected data from annual reports of non-financial listed firms in Kenya and Tanzania from 2017 to 2022, the study compares firm’s AEM behaviour in the pre-pandemic (2017–2019) and pandemic (2020–2022) periods. A panel regression model with interaction terms is employed to assess how the pandemic moderated the relationship between governance mechanisms and AEM. The results show that under normal conditions (before COVID-19), managerial ownership is associated with less AEM, suggesting reduced manipulation due to interest alignment. However, during the pandemic, managerial ownership exhibited a positive and significant interaction with COVID-19, indicating intensified earnings management, likely driven by uncertainty and the need to signal stability. Foreign ownership was associated with higher AEM during the pandemic, possibly due to reduced oversight, while board attributes had no significant impact on AEM, suggesting their limited effectiveness during pandemic periods. Thus emphasizing on context-dependent nature of corporate governance and highlighting how pandemics can reshape the influence of various corporate governance mechanisms on a firm's financial reporting behaviour. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; Accrual-based Earnings Management, Internal Corporate Governance Mechanisms.