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All Journal Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Open Access DRIVERset Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Open Access DRIVERset
Onogwu, G. O.
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Physics Social Sciences Other

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Latent Tariff Gains or Losses in Food and Live Animals Trade by ECOWAS Sub-Regional Members Nyajo, D. M.; Onogwu, G. O.; Bulus, G.
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 3 No 2 (2025): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5820

Abstract

This study evaluates latent tariff gains and losses in the trade of food and live animals among ECOWAS member states from 2008 to 2023, with an emphasis on assessing the effectiveness of regional trade liberalization policies. The primary objectives include estimating export and import volumes, analyzing net trade balances, and identifying disparities in trade performance across member countries. Secondary data were sourced from the UN Comtrade database and analyzed using descriptive statistics and net trade analysis. The findings reveal marked disparities in intra-regional trade, with Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Senegal emerging as dominant exporters, while countries such as Guinea-Bissau and Liberia displayed limited engagement. Export volumes peaked at 1.67 billion USD in 2017, experienced a decline during the COVID-19 pandemic (950 million USD in 2020), and subsequently began to recover. Net trade performance varied significantly; Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal consistently posted surpluses (e.g., +137 million USD for Côte d’Ivoire in 2018), whereas Burkina Faso and Niger reported persistent deficits (e.g., -49 million USD for Burkina Faso in 2021). These results underscore structural imbalances in trade flows and point to the need for coordinated policy measures aimed at reducing non-tariff barriers, enhancing trade facilitation, and supporting less competitive economies within the region. While ECOWAS has made progress toward regional integration through trade liberalization, the realization of equitable economic participation demands targeted strategies to address persistent disparities and external vulnerabilities. Further research should examine the influence of political instability and international trade agreements on regional trade dynamics.
Latent Gains or Losses: A Gauge of Trade Policy Objective Compliance in Food and Live Animals by Ecowas Member Nations Nyajo, D. M.; Onogwu, G. O.
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5512

Abstract

This study examines the trade dynamics of food and live animals among Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) members from 2008 to 2023, focusing on the volumes of exports, imports, and net trade. The primary objective is to evaluate the latent gains and losses each member nation incurs in relation to the ECOWAS trade policy aimed at achieving zero tariffs on intra-community imports. Data were collected from the United Nations Commodity Trade (UNComtrade) through the Trade Analysis and Information System Window. The analysis involved isolating the most-favored-nation tariffs to compute the latent revenue implications for member nations, distinguishing between tariff revenue gains—taxes avoided by importing from ECOWAS—and tariff revenue losses, which represent potential earnings for exporting economies under duty-free arrangements. Findings reveal significant revenue losses for countries such as Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Senegal, and Nigeria, which maintain the trade liberalization policy at the expense of accruable revenues while being net exporters to other member states. Conversely, nations benefiting from net imports gain from the zero-tariff policy. The study advocates for enhanced engagement in the trade of valuable food and live animals, enabling member nations to strengthen their positions as net exporters in areas of comparative advantage. This strategic shift is essential for sustaining the sub-regional trade policy and fostering long-term growth and development through enhanced intra-regional trade.
Latent Gains or Losses: A Gauge of Trade Policy Objective Compliance in Food and Live Animals by Ecowas Member Nations Nyajo, D. M.; Onogwu, G. O.
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5512

Abstract

This study examines the trade dynamics of food and live animals among Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) members from 2008 to 2023, focusing on the volumes of exports, imports, and net trade. The primary objective is to evaluate the latent gains and losses each member nation incurs in relation to the ECOWAS trade policy aimed at achieving zero tariffs on intra-community imports. Data were collected from the United Nations Commodity Trade (UNComtrade) through the Trade Analysis and Information System Window. The analysis involved isolating the most-favored-nation tariffs to compute the latent revenue implications for member nations, distinguishing between tariff revenue gains—taxes avoided by importing from ECOWAS—and tariff revenue losses, which represent potential earnings for exporting economies under duty-free arrangements. Findings reveal significant revenue losses for countries such as Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Senegal, and Nigeria, which maintain the trade liberalization policy at the expense of accruable revenues while being net exporters to other member states. Conversely, nations benefiting from net imports gain from the zero-tariff policy. The study advocates for enhanced engagement in the trade of valuable food and live animals, enabling member nations to strengthen their positions as net exporters in areas of comparative advantage. This strategic shift is essential for sustaining the sub-regional trade policy and fostering long-term growth and development through enhanced intra-regional trade.
Extent of Trade between Nigeria and Partner ECOWAS Nations in Beverages and Tobacco Akwaji, A. O.; Onogwu, G. O.; Dibah, J. B.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 2 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i2.5514

Abstract

This study investigates the dynamics of intra-regional trade in Beverages and Tobacco between Nigeria and other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member countries, with a focus on assessing trade volumes and terms of trade across the region. Specifically, it aims to (1) analyze the volume of exports and imports of Beverages and Tobacco among ECOWAS nations and (2) evaluate the evolving terms of trade between member states. Secondary data spanning multiple years were obtained from the TRAINS database and analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. Results reveal that Nigeria has historically maintained a leading position in exports, peaking at 56.29% of regional trade in 2012, but declining to 23.04% by 2023, reflecting significant variability. Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal have emerged as key trade partners, while countries such as Burkina Faso and Ghana have shown increasing import dependence, indicating shifting regional trade dependencies. Furthermore, trends in terms of trade ratios, particularly Nigeria’s sharp rise to 276,786 in 2023 and Senegal’s peak of 50,547.1 in 2014, reflect robust export performance within the sector. The analysis underscores Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire’s continued dominance but also highlights the rising participation of countries like Senegal, Togo, and Burkina Faso in the regional market. These findings suggest that intra-ECOWAS trade in Beverages and Tobacco is diversifying, offering new opportunities for economic cooperation. Policy interventions aimed at strengthening trade infrastructure, enhancing export capacity, and mitigating potential fiscal vulnerabilities are recommended to improve regional trade outcomes.
Extent of Trade between Nigeria and Partner ECOWAS Nations in Beverages and Tobacco Akwaji, A. O.; Onogwu, G. O.; Dibah, J. B.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 2 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i2.5514

Abstract

This study investigates the dynamics of intra-regional trade in Beverages and Tobacco between Nigeria and other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member countries, with a focus on assessing trade volumes and terms of trade across the region. Specifically, it aims to (1) analyze the volume of exports and imports of Beverages and Tobacco among ECOWAS nations and (2) evaluate the evolving terms of trade between member states. Secondary data spanning multiple years were obtained from the TRAINS database and analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. Results reveal that Nigeria has historically maintained a leading position in exports, peaking at 56.29% of regional trade in 2012, but declining to 23.04% by 2023, reflecting significant variability. Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal have emerged as key trade partners, while countries such as Burkina Faso and Ghana have shown increasing import dependence, indicating shifting regional trade dependencies. Furthermore, trends in terms of trade ratios, particularly Nigeria’s sharp rise to 276,786 in 2023 and Senegal’s peak of 50,547.1 in 2014, reflect robust export performance within the sector. The analysis underscores Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire’s continued dominance but also highlights the rising participation of countries like Senegal, Togo, and Burkina Faso in the regional market. These findings suggest that intra-ECOWAS trade in Beverages and Tobacco is diversifying, offering new opportunities for economic cooperation. Policy interventions aimed at strengthening trade infrastructure, enhancing export capacity, and mitigating potential fiscal vulnerabilities are recommended to improve regional trade outcomes.
Co-Authors Akwaji, A. O. Bulus, G. Dibah, J. B. Nyajo, D. M.