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All Journal International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Material (IJATEC) Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore
Aprianto, Edo
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Automotive Engineering Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Literature Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ss400 Steel Due To Variations in PWHT Temperature in the GMAW Welding Process Aprianto, Edo; Pranoto, Hadi
International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials Vol 6, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Institute for Research on Innovation and Industrial System (IRIS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37869/ijatec.v6i2.129

Abstract

Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) is a widely employed thermal method used to relieve residual stresses and enhance the mechanical properties of welded joints. This study investigates the effect of PWHT on the mechanical and microstructural properties of SS400 steel welded using the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The research focuses on evaluating how variations in PWHT temperature influence tensile strength. impact toughness. hardness. and microstructural characteristics. Specimens were subjected to PWHT for 1 hour with a 15-minute holding time. followed by natural cooling at room temperature. The results indicate that PWHT significantly improves impact toughness and refines grain structure. especially in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). while leading to a reduction in tensile strength compared to untreated specimens. Higher PWHT temperatures promoted the formation of finer ferrite and bainitic phases. contributing to enhanced ductility and toughness but reduced hardness due to grain coarsening. Microstructural analysis confirmed a shift in phase composition. where an increased ferrite content resulted in lower hardness. while a dominant pearlite phase corresponded with higher hardness values. Overall. this study highlights the importance of optimizing PWHT parameters to achieve a desirable balance between strength. hardness. and toughness in SS400 welded joints. particularly for structural applications such as shipbuilding.
The Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FCAW-Welded SS400 Steel Aprianto, Edo; Haftirman, Haftirman
Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore (JTMMX)
Publisher : Mechanical Engineering Department Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36805/nq48my18

Abstract

Low-carbon structural steels, such as SS400, are widely used in shipbuilding because of their good weldability, ductility, and adequate strength. However, welding introduces residual stresses and microstructural transformations that may reduce the mechanical performance of welded joints; therefore, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is important for improving weld integrity. This study investigated the effect of PWHT temperature on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of SS400 steel welded using flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) in the 3G and 4G positions. Welded specimens were subjected to PWHT at 550, 650, and 750°C for 60 min, followed by air cooling, while non-PWHT specimens were used as a reference. Microstructural characterization, hardness testing, and tensile testing were performed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the welded joints. The base metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were predominantly composed of ferrite and pearlite under all conditions, whereas the weld metal exhibited martensite and Widmanstätten ferrite in the lower PWHT range. Among the investigated conditions, PWHT at 550 °C produced the most favorable mechanical response, achieving the highest tensile strength of 556 MPa and average hardness values of 191.3 HV in the base metal, 189.3 HV in the HAZ, and 179 HV in the weld metal. The results demonstrate that PWHT temperature significantly influences phase evolution and mechanical performance, with 550°C identified as an effective treatment condition for improving the mechanical reliability of FCAW-welded SS400 joints.
Co-Authors Hadi Pranoto Haftirman, Haftirman