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All Journal International Journal of Education, Culture, and Society International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Rudy, Elphis
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Integrated Deterrence in Practice: The 2022 United States National Defense Strategy Towards the Russia-Ukraine War Masitoh, Yuniar Tri; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Rudy, Elphis
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.7317

Abstract

This paper analyzes the implementation of integrated deterrence by the United States, as articulated in the 2022 National Defense Strategy (NDS), in response to the Russia–Ukraine War. The central issue examined is how a strategy originally tailored to counter China was adapted to address Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Integrated deterrence seeks to align military and non-military instruments across domains and in coordination with allies, yet its real-world application presents complex challenges. The objective of this study is to assess how integrated deterrence was operationalized, evaluate its effectiveness, and identify key lessons for future defense planning. Employing a qualitative case study approach grounded in the framework of neoclassical realism, the research draws on official policy documents, expert commentary, and academic analyses. The findings reveal that the United States effectively leveraged integrated deterrence to support Ukraine without direct military engagement, utilizing a combination of economic sanctions, cyber defense, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic coordination. While the strategy did not prevent the initial invasion, it contributed to denying Russia a swift victory and reinforced NATO cohesion. The study concludes that integrated deterrence offers strategic flexibility and strengthens coalition responses in an increasingly complex global security landscape. However, its success is contingent upon domestic political consensus, sustained resource commitments, and a nuanced understanding of adversary behavior. The research underscores the need to adapt integrated deterrence for varying threat environments, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, where escalation dynamics and regional contexts differ significantly.
The Impacts of Indonesia's Membership in the BRICS on the Defense Sector: Opportunities and Challenges Iqbal, Yunizir; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Rudy, Elphis
International Journal of Education, Culture, and Society Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Education, Culture, and Society
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijecs.v3i3.7057

Abstract

Indonesia's accession as a full member of the BRICS in January 2025 marks strategic progress in its autonomous and proactive foreign policy, aiming to improve its economic and geopolitical position globally. The BRICS, which consists of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and new members Indonesia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates, serves as a forum to strengthen economic collaboration, defence diplomacy, and global security. This study analyses the impact of Indonesia's BRICS membership on the defence sector, emphasising its economic advantages, technology transfer, and enhancement of its diplomatic position. This research uses qualitative methodologies, analyses official documents, BRICS foreign policy, and reports from the Indonesian Ministry of Defence to ensure that access to the New Development Bank (NDB) facilitates infrastructure development in the fields of transportation and energy, thereby indirectly improving the operational efficiency of the military. Bilateral collaboration with BRICS countries, including Russia and China, facilitates the transfer of advanced military technologies, including weapons systems and training, thereby enhancing Indonesia's defence capabilities. In addition, BRICS membership allows Indonesia to advocate for more inclusive reforms in global economic governance, thereby enhancing its position as a link between developing countries and major economic powers. However, challenges such as potential tensions with Western allies, the risk of foreign technology dependence, and the need to maintain a balance of non-aligned policies require careful diplomacy strategies. By taking advantage of investment, trade, and BRICS multilateral forum opportunities, Indonesia can strengthen economic sovereignty and national security while becoming a key actor in regional stability. The study concludes that BRICS membership offers multidimensional opportunities for Indonesia, but long-term success depends on the ability to maintain diplomatic balance and develop a domestic defence industry to reduce asymmetric dependencies.
Co-Authors Anak Agung Banyu Perwita Iqbal, Yunizir Masitoh, Yuniar Tri