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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review
Ibrahim, Mustafa Ali
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Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Strategic leadership of Information Systems in The Development of The Digital Economy: Kepemimpinan Strategis Sistem Informasi dalam Pengembangan Ekonomi Digital Salim , Moamin Mazin; Saeed , Yasir Jihad; Ahmed , Dahlia Abdulhussein; Ibrahim, Mustafa Ali
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 19 No. 4 (2024): November
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v19i4.1275

Abstract

The essay explores contemporary trends in the economic transformation of nations driven by digital technology. It provides an overview of key technology paradigms shaping economic growth and outlines the primary characteristics of the digital economy, such as shifts in production resources, evolving IT cycles, and the importance of networked models emphasizing connectivity, self-sufficiency, and autonomy. The economic landscape of the digital era is analyzed, with a focus on institutional frameworks, relational norms, and the prerequisites for adapting education systems to meet digital economy demands. The role of knowledge in societal evolution and its interaction with institutional environments and information domains is highlighted, alongside tools for information processing and protection. The essay presents the results of the Digital Economy Index (DEI) and its components, providing insights into the status of digital transformation. Based on these findings, proposals are formulated to advance the digital economy in the Republic of Iraq, addressing challenges and leveraging opportunities identified through statistical analysis and provided data. Highlights: Digital technology reshapes economies and drives development trends. Focus on connectivity, autonomy, and knowledge transformation in digital era. Proposals enhance Iraq's digital economy based on DEI analysis. Keywords: information age, digital economy, knowledge economy, technological order, institutional environment, digital economy index
MeasurMeasuring The Size of The Black Economy in Iraq and Analyzing Its Economic and Social Impactsing the size of the black economy in Iraq and analyzing its economic and social impacts: A study analytical Abdulwahid, Oday Ibrahim; Ibrahim, Mustafa Ali; Saeed, Yasir Jihad
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i1.1423

Abstract

Background: The black economy undermines fiscal sustainability and policy effectiveness in developing nations. Specific Context: Iraq faces structural challenges including weak governance, political instability, and high unemployment, exacerbating informal economic activities. Gap: Existing Iraqi studies lack rigorous quantitative measurements using advanced models. Aim: This study measures Iraq's black economy (2004-2023) using the MIMIC model. Results: Corruption, tax burden, unemployment, and political crises significantly expand the informal economy, while improved governance reduces it. Novelty: First comprehensive application of MIMIC model with integrated causal-indicator framework for Iraq. Implications: Findings inform evidence-based policies for institutional reform, tax system simplification, and financial inclusion to mitigate informal economic activities.Highlight : MIMIC model identifies corruption, tax burden, unemployment, and political crises as primary drivers of Iraq's black economy (2004-2023). Black economy peaked during instability periods (2006-2007, 2014-2016, 2020); improved governance reduces informal activities. Governance reform, tax system simplification, and financial inclusion are key to integrating informal activities into formal economy. Keywords : Shadow Economy, MIMIC Model, Iraq, Governance, Tax Burden, Corruption
Co-Authors Abdulwahid, Oday Ibrahim Ahmed , Dahlia Abdulhussein Saeed , Yasir Jihad Saeed, Yasir Jihad Salim , Moamin Mazin