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Development of Questionnaires for Measuring Pregnancy Anxiety, Sleep Quality, Knowledge Level, and Birth Readiness Jannah, Nurul; Selvarajh, Gunavathy
International Journal of Nursing Information Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Qualitative and Quantitative Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58418/ijni.v3i1.61

Assessing the health of pregnant women with a questionnaire can prevent complications and help health professionals provide appropriate care. Assessment scales such as the pregnancy anxiety rating scale questionnaire (PARSQ), pregnancy sleep quality questionnaire (PSQQ), pregnancy knowledge level questionnaire (PKLQ), and birth readiness questionnaire (BRQ) need to be developed according to current conditions and real-life situations to serve as primary screening tools before proceeding with further treatment for pregnant women. This study aims to develop specific research measurement tools for pregnant women and validate the PARSQ, PSQQ, PKLQ, and BRQ questionnaires. The research method employed a qualitative approach by distributing questionnaires to 20 pregnant women, followed by statistical testing of questionnaire validity and reliability. The results showed that the calculated values (r-value) for the PARSQ, PSQQ, PKLQ, and BRQ questionnaires were greater than the critical value (r-table) of 0.359, indicating that the items in these four questionnaires are valid. The reliability test results used Cronbach's alpha for all four questionnaires, indicating that the questionnaires are reliable. In conclusion, the PARSQ, PSQQ, PKLQ, and BRQ questionnaires can be used to detect the health conditions of pregnant women. This research's contribution, through the use of questionnaires, can offer an effective tool for collecting and analyzing data needed to understand the phenomenon of pregnancy and improve existing theories and practices. Further research is recommended with a larger sample size of pregnant respondents.

Late-pregnancy anxiety as a distinct multidimensional construct: Psychometric evidence from a community-based sample Jannah, Nurul; Selvarajh, Gunavathy
Science Midwifery Vol 13 No 6 (2026): February: Health Sciences and related fields
Publisher : Institute of Computer Science (IOCS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/midwifery.v13i6.2230

Anxiety during pregnancy was recognized as a common maternal mental health concern with important implications for maternal well-being and perinatal outcomes. Evidence suggested that anxiety experienced in late pregnancy was more context-specific and qualitatively distinct from general anxiety, yet its underlying structure remained insufficiently examined. This study examined whether anxiety in late pregnancy constituted a distinct multidimensional psychological construct using a theory-driven psychometric approach. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 women in late pregnancy between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation. A structured self-report instrument was developed through conceptual analysis and expert review, and its latent factor structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis within a structural equation modeling framework. The analysis supported a three-domain multidimensional structure encompassing childbirth-related anxiety, fetal health anxiety, and maternal mental readiness and self-confidence. The model demonstrated acceptable overall fit (χ²/df = 3.15; RMSEA = 0.088; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.96), with all indicators loading significantly on their respective latent dimensions (standardized loadings ≈ 0.94–1.01). These findings indicated that anxiety in late pregnancy represented a distinct multidimensional construct, supporting dimension-specific assessment in antenatal and perinatal mental health research.

Development and Pilot Testing of a Childbirth Readiness Questionnaire (CRQ) for Third-Trimester Pregnant Women In Indonesia Jannah, Nurul; Selvarajh, Gunavathy
International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): January-May
Publisher : PT Inovasi Pratama Internasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55299/ijphe.v5i2.1739

Childbirth readiness is a multidimensional construct encompassing physical, psychological, social, and spiritual preparedness, yet contextually appropriate instruments for Indonesian pregnant women remain limited. This study aimed to develop and pilot test the Childbirth Readiness Questionnaire (CRQ) for third-trimester pregnant women in Indonesia. A methodological pilot design was employed, including expert review (n = 5) and field testing with 110 pregnant women. Content validity was evaluated using the Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI), while preliminary construct performance was examined through descriptive statistics and corrected item–total correlations. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. All nine items demonstrated acceptable content validity (I-CVI ≥ 0.80) and adequate item–total correlations (r = 0.34–0.61). The overall scale showed satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.82). Dimension-level descriptive scores supported the conceptual structure of physical–cognitive, psychological–spiritual, and social support readiness. These findings indicate that the CRQ has promising preliminary psychometric properties and is feasible for assessing childbirth readiness among Indonesian third-trimester pregnant women. Further validation with larger and more diverse samples is required to confirm its factorial structure and generalizability

Development of the Third-trimester Pregnancy Knowledge Questionnaire (TPKQ): A Pilot Study Jannah, Nurul; Selvarajh, Gunavathy
International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): January-May
Publisher : PT Inovasi Pratama Internasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55299/ijphe.v5i2.1740

Background: Maternal knowledge during the third trimester is critical for timely care-seeking and preparation for childbirth, yet standardized instruments specific to this phase remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to develop and pilot test the Third-trimester Pregnancy Knowledge Questionnaire (TPKQ). Methods: A methodological pilot study involved four experts and 110 third-trimester pregnant women. Items were derived from literature and organized into four dimensions: danger signs and care-seeking, birth preparation and delivery planning, preventive care before birth, and maternal conditions affecting labor outcomes. Content validity was assessed using Item and Scale Content Validity Indexes, response-based validity via corrected item–total correlations, and internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha. Results: The TPKQ includes 10 multiple-choice items with dichotomous scoring. All items showed acceptable content validity (I-CVI = 0.75–1.00; S-CVI/Ave = 0.93), adequate discrimination (r = 0.36–0.46), and good reliability (α = 0.81). Dimension scores suggested higher knowledge of danger signs and lower knowledge of preventive care. Conclusion: The TPKQ demonstrates preliminary validity and reliability

Feasibility and Acceptability of PcyCare: A Self-Directed Digital Platform for Maternal Health Literacy and Emotional Support Jannah, Nurul; Selvarajh, Gunavathy; Lestari, Sri
International Journal of Nursing Information Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Qualitative and Quantitative Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58418/ijni.v4i2.168

The digital transformation in healthcare has driven the emergence of maternal health platforms as strategic innovations that bridge the gap between the limitations of conventional educational methods and the demands of modern emotional support. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of PcyCare (Pregnancy Care), a self-directed digital platform designed to integrate maternal health literacy and emotional support. A quantitative approach with a descriptive feasibility study design was employed, involving 123 participants (comprising 110 pregnant women, 8 maternal health experts, and 5 IT specialists) selected through purposive sampling from Malaysia and Indonesia. Theoretically grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Scale-Content Validity Indices (S-CVI). Findings reveal that PcyCare achieved high consensus across all domains; technical feasibility received the highest rating (M=4.82,SD=0.06), followed by user experience (M=4.70,SD=0.48) and content quality (M=4.68,SD=0.11). Expert validation yielded an S-CVI of 0.94 for content relevance and 0.96 for technical stability. Integrating literacy and emotional support features significantly enhances user satisfaction and maternal self-management capacity. In conclusion, PcyCare demonstrates clear advantages over conventional methods in terms of accessibility, information clarity, and real-time psychological reassurance. This study contributes to mHealth literature by pioneering the integration of health literacy and emotional support into a single evidence-based digital intervention, offering theory-driven practical guidance for developers and policymakers to create more inclusive and sustainable maternal healthcare systems.

Multidimensional Structure Of Maternal Sleep Quality In The Third Trimester: Psychometric Evaluation Jannah, Nurul; Selvarajh, Gunavathy
International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): January-May
Publisher : PT Inovasi Pratama Internasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55299/ijphe.v5i2.1798

Beground : Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent during late pregnancy and have been associated with maternal mental health vulnerability and adverse perinatal outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep quality in the third trimester is context-specific and may not represent a single, uniform construct. However, the latent structure of maternal sleep quality in late pregnancy has not been sufficiently examined using a theory-driven psychometric approach. Methods : A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among women in the third trimester of pregnancy (≥28 weeks). The Maternal Sleep Quality Index for the Third Trimester – Indonesian Version (MSQI-T3-ID), a newly developed eight-item self-report instrument, was administered. The hypothesized three-dimensional structure—Sleep Initiation and Continuity, Pregnancy-Specific Disturbance, and Daytime Impact and Fatigue—was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis within a Structural Equation Modeling framework. Results : Confirmatory factor analysis supported a multidimensional model of maternal sleep quality in late pregnancy. The model demonstrated acceptable fit indices (CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.094; SRMR = 0.027). All items loaded significantly on their respective latent dimensions, with standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 (p < .001), indicating a coherent internal structure. Conclusion : The findings provide empirical support for conceptualizing sleep quality in late pregnancy as a multidimensional construct. This study provides initial structural validity evidence for a brief, trimester-specific sleep quality instrument. Keywords : Maternal sleep quality; Third trimester pregnancy; Psychometric validation.

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