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All Journal Andalasian International Journal of Entomology
Azrizal-Wahid, Noor
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology

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Length-Based Morphometric Study of the Morphologically Resembling Butterfly Species Within the Genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) Azrizal-Wahid, Noor; Mohd Noor, Nurinatasya; Mamat, Noorhidayah; Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin, Nur
Andalasian International Journal of Entomology Vol. 1 No. 01 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/aijent.1.01.8-15.2023

Abstract

The genus Graphium within the family Papilionidae comprises several species that exhibit morphological resemblance. Due to this criterion, their identification and discrimination through morphology is notably challenging. Therefore, in this study, we employed a length-based morphometric approach to reveal the ability of the characters to discriminate the five Graphium species that demonstrates the morphological resemblance; Graphium sarpedon, Graphium bathycles, Graphium doson, Graphium eurypylus, and Graphium evemon. The morphometric measurement of the total of 50 specimens was carried out by using seven characters measured from the wing and body regions. Multivariate statistical analyses such as Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were utilized to assess the discriminatory ability of the morphometric data. While comparing between species, all morphometric characters were significantly different (p < 0.05). The results of DFA showed that two out of seven characters utilized have the lowest values of Partial’s Wilks Lambda; body length (1.165), and forewing length (1.183), therefore are suggested as the two most significant characters for the discrimination of the Graphium species. There are great overlapping patterns between the five species when plotting a scatter plot graph except for G. bathycles that formed nearly distinct group. In Cluster Analysis, G. sarpedon tends to be closer to G. evemon by having the lowest value of agglomeration (0.061). Our findings underscore the potential of length-based morphometric analysis as a supporting quantitative tool for resolving taxonomic ambiguities and enhancing species identification particularly within complex genera such as Graphium.
Dung-Associated Insects: Ecological Roles and Potential Benefits in Agricultural Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin; Subramaniam, Sivagami; Azrizal-Wahid, Noor
Andalasian International Journal of Entomology Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/aijent.3.2.70-79.2025

Abstract

Dung-associated insects, often referred as coprophagous insects and detritivores, help break down organic matter, returning essential nutrients to the soil and promoting plant growth. Their activities not only enhance soil structure and fertility but also aid in pest control by reducing the populations of parasites and pathogens associated with animal waste. Understanding the complex relationships between dung-inhabiting insects and their environment highlights the crucial role these creatures play in maintaining ecological balance. These insects facilitate nutrient cycling and contribute to overall biodiversity. It plays a crucial role in promoting healthy ecosystems, as its presence can lead to improved soil health and increased agricultural productivity. Implementing integrated pest management practices that encourage the presence of dung-inhabiting insects can further enhance their role in sustainable agriculture, promoting a balanced ecosystem where both crops and beneficial organisms grow well. This approach not only promotes biodiversity but also enables farmers to adopt more environmentally friendly practices that contribute to long-term agricultural resilience.
Co-Authors Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin, Nur Mamat, Noorhidayah Mohd Noor, Nurinatasya Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin Subramaniam, Sivagami