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All Journal The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health Science and Technology Indonesia
Chanthorn, Wirot
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Health Professions Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics

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Assessment of Respiratory Symptoms among Sandstone Workers Associated with Respirable Dust and Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Exposure Chanthorn, Wirot; Laokiat, Laksana
The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health Vol. 14 No. 3 (2025): The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijosh.v14i3.2025.317-324

Abstract

Introduction: Sandstone workers were exposed to dust generated during processing. This research aimed to determine the concentrations of respirable dust (RD) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as well as to assess respiratory symptoms and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 sandstone workers in northeastern Thailand. Personal dust samples were collected throughout the shift in accordance with NIOSH 0600 and EPA IP-10A. The dust concentrations were analysed by the gravimetric method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a questionnaire to assess demographic data and respiratory symptoms. Results: The mean concentration of RD and PM2.5 found in sandstone cutting was 0.48 and 0.25 mg/m3, while it was seen to be lower among sandstone chiselling (0.14 and 0.07 mg/m3). At least one respiratory symptom was reported by 57% of the workers. The most common symptom was phlegm (49.3%). Work experience and not wearing a mask while working were factors significantly associated with respiratory symptoms (p-values 0.018 and 0.014, respectively). Work experiences 6 -10 years and > 10 years, and not wearing masks had a chance of developing respiratory symptoms (OR=2.64, 2.73, and 2.73). Conclusion: PM2.5 accounted for half of the RD released during sandstone processing. Phlegm and dry cough were the most common symptoms among exposed workers. The workers should be advised to improve the working conditions and to use the appropriate masks. The local health authorities should establish routine monitoring of the working environment and an annual training course on dust prevention for workers.
Potential Use of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) Powder as a Pharmaceutical Diluent in Simvastatin Tablets Changsan, Narumon; Atipairin, Apichart; Muenraya, Poowadon; Srichana, Teerapol; Sritharadol, Rutthapol; Chanthorn, Wirot; Balekar, Neelam; Madting, Alawee; Sawatdee, Somchai
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.36-54

Abstract

This research aimed to create cashew apple powder (CAP) for use as a pharmaceutical diluent in tablet formulations and evaluate its suitability with simvastatin as a model drug. CAP was produced by grinding followed by milling for size reduction. CAP was incorporated as a diluent in simvastatin 20 mg tablets formulated using wet granulation and direct compression methods. CAP had light brown irregular particles. The median particle size (D50) was 282 ± 32 µm. True density was 1.408 g/cm3, bulk density was 0.405 g/cm3, and tapped density was 0.489 g/cm3. CAP had good flow properties and significantly better compaction properties than lactose monohydrate. There was no interaction between simvastatin and CAP based on FTIR and DSC analyses. Physical evaluation of the tablets prepared by the wet granulation method showed that hardness was 6.2 ± 0.6 kgf, disintegration time was 2.50 ± 0.75 minutes, % friability was 0.65% and assay simvastatin content was 101.22 ± 0.24 % LA. In the same manner, the tablets produced by direct compression had a hardness of 4.1 ± 0.2 kgf, disintegration time value of 0.83 ± 0.20 minutes, friability of 0.86%, and an assay simvastatin content of 102.65 ± 1.03% LA. Simvastatin tablets incorporating CAP showed complete drug release in 15 minutes. After 3 months of storage, no significant changes were recorded in the physicochemical properties, other than a slight increase in hardness for the wet granulation tablets. This study indicates that CAP can be considered a promising pharmaceutical excipient for immediate-release tablet formulations, compatible with both wet granulation and direct compression methods.
Co-Authors Atipairin, Apichart Balekar, Neelam Changsan, Narumon Laokiat, Laksana Madting, Alawee Muenraya, Poowadon Sawatdee, Somchai Srichana, Teerapol Sritharadol, Rutthapol