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All Journal Journal of Biobased Chemicals (JOBC) Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Prasiefa, Mizanurafi' Ghifarhadi
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Physics

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Characterization of Tobacco Stem Biochar for Controlled Release Fertilizer at Varying Pyrolysis Conditions Prasiefa, Mizanurafi' Ghifarhadi; Firmansyah, Daniyal
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol. 14 No. 3 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Publisher : Prodi Kimia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v14i3.29335

Abstract

The development of Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) aims to reduce nutrient losses and environmental pollution caused by the rapid nutrient release from conventional fertilizers, which can result in 40%–90% NPK loss. This study focuses on producing tobacco stem biochar (TSB) through pyrolysis of tobacco stem powder to support CRF applications. The objective is to determine the optimal pyrolysis condition that yields TSB with properties suitable for land remediation and enhanced plant growth. Tobacco stem powder was subjected to pyrolysis under varying conditions, with TSB-3—produced at 600°C for 1 hour and an average heating rate of 30°C/min—emerging as the most efficient. This variant achieved a 28.99% mass yield, 73.09% fixed carbon, 77.47% porosity, 521.81 m²/g surface area, and 555.68 microns particle size. Additionally, it had a pH of 9.51, 24.18% nitrogen, 2.1% phosphorus, 1.8% potassium, 8.499 meq/100g CEC, 0.323 dS/m EC, and a salt index of 2.58. Enzymatic activities included 2.47 µmol/mL/min urease, 1.89 µmol/mL/min phosphatase, and 48.1 µmol/mL/min dehydrogenase. These results suggest TSB-3 is a promising candidate for nutrient carrier in CRF formulation, contributing to sustainable agriculture through improved nutrient use efficiency and soil health enhancement.
Biogas Production from Livestock Manure via Anaerobic Digestion and Co-Digestion: A Comprehensive Review of Processes, Microbial Roles, Technological Perspectives, and Opportunities Prasiefa, Mizanurafi' Ghifarhadi; Ali, Mohammad Nazarudin
Journal of Biobased Chemicals Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Biobased Chemicals
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jobc.v6i1.60002

Abstract

Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of livestock manure is widely recognized for enhancing biogas production; however, its performance is governed by complex interactions between substrate characteristics, microbial consortia, and reactor configurations, which are often addressed separately in existing reviews. This study provides an integrated assessment of manure-based AcoD by linking microbial dynamics, feedstock variability, and technological design to identify key factors controlling methane (CH4) yield and process stability. Mono-digestion is frequently limited by imbalanced C/N ratios and ammonia (NH3) inhibition, whereas co-digestion with plant-based substrates improves nutrient balance and promotes microbial synergy. The AD process involves four stages—hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis–driven by bacteria (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes) and methanogenic archaea (Methanoculleus, Methanosarcina), whose activity is strongly influenced by operating conditions. Various livestock manures, including cow/cattle, bovine, sheep, goat, llama, pig/swine, buffalo, horse, donkey, deer, camel, duck, rabbit, chicken, poultry, fish, shrimp, as well as human waste, have been tested under different co-digestion conditions with plant-derived feedstocks. Across various manure types and co-digestion systems, CH4 content ranges from 46–78%, with yields up to 8905 ± 70.7 mL CH4/g-VS under optimized conditions. This review highlights that optimizing parameters such as the C/N ratio (25–30:1), temperature (35–55 ℃), and organic loading rate (OLR), along with appropriate reactor selection and microbial management, is critical to maximizing performance. Despite these advances, challenges related to NH3 inhibition, feedstock variability, and scale-up remain. Future work should focus on integrated system design, real-time monitoring, and cost-effective process optimization to support the large-scale implementation of manure-based AcoD.
Co-Authors Ali, Mohammad Nazarudin Firmansyah, Daniyal