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Hilmi Pauzian, Muhamad
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The Construction of Religious Identity of the Crusades: Historical Legacy in Contemporary International Relations Hilmi Pauzian, Muhamad
Gunung Djati Conference Series Vol. 60 (2025): The 10th Conference Series Learning Class: Religious and Social Humaniora
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

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The Crusades (1095-1291) were one of the most complex historical phenomena in the history of international relations, creating patterns of conflict and peace that continue to influence global dynamics to this day. This research aims to analyze how the construction of religious identity, enemy perceptions, and the legacy of violent/peaceful rhetoric from the Crusades shaped contemporary international relations patterns. Using Alexander Wendt's constructivist theoretical approach, this study applies a qualitative method with historical analysis and discourse to Crusade historical documents, political speeches, diplomatic narratives, and foreign policy. The results of the study show that the Crusades not only created a polarized religious identity between Christianity and Islam, but also resulted in innovative mechanisms of diplomacy and peace through trade agreements, strategic alliances, and cultural exchanges. Key findings reveal that the legacy of the Crusades has been internalized in the cognitive structures of international actors, shaping perceptions of threats and opportunities in West-Middle East relations. The conclusions of this study show that the understanding of the social construction of identity and norms rooted in the Crusades makes a significant contribution to the analysis of contemporary international relations, especially in understanding the dynamics of conflict and peace in the Middle East region and cross-civilizational relations.
Spirituality and Islamic Business Ethics: A Phenomenological Study of a Muslim Manager at PT Indoboiler in Indonesia Hilmi Pauzian, Muhamad
Gunung Djati Conference Series Vol. 63 (2026): The 11th Conference Series Learning Class: Religious and Social Humaniora
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

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In a contemporary business environment where material success is often prioritized, spirituality offers an important ethical foundation for Muslim entrepreneurs. This study explores how Islamic spirituality is internalized and embodied in the business practices of a Muslim manager at PT Indoboiler, Bekasi, Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach, this study adopts phenomenology based on Alfred Schutz's theory of the construction of meaning to analyze subjective experience. Data were collected through direct observation and in-depth interviews with key informants who were known to exhibit consistent spiritual behaviors, supported by additional interviews with Foundation employees and caregivers. The findings revealed that the informant's spiritual orientation was shaped by internalized religious values, a supportive religious environment, the influence of moral role models (teachers), and strong internal motivations. Spirituality in business is expressed through faith, piety, ethical behavior, and a constant awareness of God's presence. Business activities are seen not only as a means of profit, but as a form of worship oriented towards eternal success in the hereafter. The study concludes that spirituality serves three key functions in ethical Muslim entrepreneurship: as a regulator of behavior, an emotional stabilizer, and a source of creative energy. These insights contribute to the growing literature on Islamic business ethics by providing context-rich empirical data on spiritual experiences lived in the workplace.
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