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All Journal Media Kedokteran Hewan journal of Basic Medical Veterinary
Zilfiarani, Chalida Nahendra
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Veterinary

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Biofilm-Mediated Survival of Leptospira spp.: A Comprehensive Review on Molecular Basis and Control Strategies Wijayanto, Robby; Zilfiarani, Chalida Nahendra; Fahlefi, Moch. Ilham Riza
Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary, December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jbmv.v14i2.81120

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a significant tropical zoonosis, with a considerable burden on morbidity and mortality in humans as well as animals. One of the possible explanations is biofilm formation, which is the accumulation of EPS, eDNA, and c-di-GMP signals that respond to various environmental, antibiotic, or host-immune challenges. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm formation, ecological significance, connection to antimicrobial resistance, and the public health implications. Elucidation of the c-di-GMP regulatory networks, adhesin gene and protein expression, and other metabolic shifts account for the survival of Leptospira biofilms in autochthonous populations of aquatic habitats and kidney colonization of reservoir hosts. In addition, biofilms have been associated with long-term bacterial colonization, chronic urine stream associated with persistent bacterial shedding, and failed antibiotics. This scenario, from an epidemiological perspective, facilitates the emergence of anthropogenic infections, and perpetuates the endemic nature of the disease. From a disease-control perspective, biofilms increase the burden associated with persistent infections. This review emphasizes that, as a survival strategy, biofilms represent several potential avenues for the implementation of novel control strategies, including the use of antibiofilm agents, quorum-sensing inhibitors, and multi-epitope vaccines. The functional and integrated dissection of biofilms positioned Leptospira spp. to novel One Health-based control strategies for the disease.
Ecological Determinants of Pathogenic Leptospira Survival: Microbial Interactions, Environmental Stressors, and One Health Perspectives Robby Wijayanto; Zilfiarani, Chalida Nahendra; Fahlefi, Moch. Ilham Riza
Media Kedokteran Hewan Vol. 37 No. 1 (2026): Media Kedokteran Hewan
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mkh.v37i1.2026.114-127

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease that remains highly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogenic Leptospira spp. can persist for extended periods in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, posing a long-term threat to public health. However, most studies have focused on pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. The ecological and microbial components were examined. This review explores the ecological determinants of Leptospira survival, emphasizing microbial interactions and their relevance within the One Health framework. Leptospira persistence is influenced by abiotic stressors (temperature, pH, moisture, and soil minerals), biotic interactions (such as co-aggregation with other bacteria, protozoan predation, and bacteriophage activity), and anthropogenic factors including deforestation, agricultural intensification, and urbanization. Evidence shows that Leptospira survive best under high humidity, neutral to alkaline pH, and moderate temperatures, while extreme stressors such as drought, high temperature, or microbial antagonism reduce their viability. Understanding how these abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic drivers shape bacterial persistence provides insight into the ecological resilience of Leptospira and its transmission dynamics. This review underscores the need to coordinate cross-sectoral measures and integrated surveillance linking environmental, animal, and human health through ecologically informed tools such as eDNA and climate-based risk modeling.
Co-Authors Fahlefi, Moch. Ilham Riza Robby Wijayanto Wijayanto, Robby