Abdelazem, Doaa Gamal
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Improved copy-move forgery detection through multilevel clustering Abdelazem, Doaa Gamal; Zayed, Hala H.; Taha, Ahmed
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 14, No 6: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v14.i6.pp5279-5289

Abstract

Copy move forgery detection (CMFD) based on keypoints remains a widely used technique; however, it often struggles to effectively identify small and smoothly tampered regions within images. This paper introduces a CMFD method that enhances detection accuracy by integrating a double-matching process with advanced region localization techniques. Delaunay triangles formed by accelerated KAZE (AKAZE) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) features are matched in the double-matching process to identify suspicious regions. To ensure sufficient keypoint pairs, the set of matching triangles is iteratively expanded to include neighboring triangles, covering the entire tampered area. Subsequently, a second matching with a looser threshold is performed on the vertices. In the region localization process, the multilevel density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) effectively handles scenarios involving multiple copied regions with varying sizes. Using the standard MICC-F600 and COVERAGE datasets, experiments demonstrate that the proposed CMFD method is robust and achieves better performance than state-of-the-art baselines.