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All Journal Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs
Jaafar, Faridah
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An offensive realism analysis of the Kashmir conflict: Power politics and regional hegemony in South Asia Jaafar, Faridah; Radzi, Shamsul Azri Mohd
Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Vol. 38 No. 4 (2025): Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mkp.V38I42025.384-400

Abstract

The Kashmir dispute is one of the longest standing territorial disputes in the modern international system, and an interesting case study to test the explanatory value of the offensive realism theory. This article examines the Kashmir dispute using the theoretical framework of John J. Mearsheimer to look at the ways in which the power maximization strategies and hegemonic ambitions have influenced the relationship between India and Pakistan since 1947. The research utilizes a qualitative research design which is grounded in secondary data analysis and thematic analyses of archival documents and literature. The results show that offensive realism is a superior explanation for the continuity of the conflict by illustrating the nature of structural imperatives of the anarchic international system that perpetuate the aggressive behaviors of India and Pakistan for achieving regional hegemony. The existence of the security dilemma in their relations has established a vicious cycle of distrust and competition, while nuclear arms have paradoxically limited and deepened their rivalry. By showing how realist structural theories are still pertinent for the analysis of contemporary conflicts in the region, this analysis contributes to international relations scholarship and provides policy implications for the management of longstanding rivalries in anarchical systems.
Norm Localization and Security Communities: Amitav Acharya’s Framework Applied To The Thailand-Cambodia Preah Vihear Border Dispute Mohd Radzi, Shamsul Azri; Jaafar, Faridah
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i2.49234

Abstract

The paper draws on Amitav Acharya’s theoretical frameworks of norm localization and security communities to examine the Thailand-Cambodia conflict over the Preah Vihear Temple, one of the most enduring international relations cases in Southeast Asia. The research will fill an important gap in the scientific literature by discussing how the constructivist ideas of Acharya shed light on the process of regional norm adaptation, identity formation, and the complications that arise when the (ASEAN) is forced to deal with an intra-mural territorial conflict as a fledgling security community. The study was based on using a qualitative case study approach with a secondary source analysis of the International Court of Justice proceedings, diplomatic archives, scholarly literature, and media archives to prove that local actors in both Thailand and Cambodia actively localized international norms of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful dispute settlement in a manner that both facilitated and hindered resolving conflicts. As the results demonstrate, the Preah Vihear conflict revealed underlying tensions within the ASEAN normative structure, especially between the principle of non-interference and the organization’s goal of becoming a mature security community. The article also examines the significant roles of the ASEAN chairmanship of Malaysia under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim and of United States President Donald Trump in mediating the crisis in 2025, focusing on the Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord, its failure, and the future of peaceful relations. The article leads to the study of International Relations by showing how Acharya’s framework can provide analytical resources for understanding norm-conflict in the Global South, while also criticizing Eurocentric approaches to norm diffusion and elucidating the role of peripheral actors in the formation of regional order.
Co-Authors Mohd Radzi, Shamsul Azri Radzi, Shamsul Azri Mohd