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Sultan Napoleon
Department of Chemistry, The Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Kawasan IPSC Sentul, Bogor 16810, Indonesia
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Adsorption Ni(II) on Magnetic Fulvic Acid-Chitosan: Kinetics and Isotherm Study Raihansyah Raja Hutama; Audrey Nur Aisyah; Azzahra Sandri; Mayang Fauziah Putri Kuntjahjono; Sultan Napoleon; Yusuf Bramastya Apriliyanto; Nugroho Adi Sasongko; Rahmat Basuki
Sorption Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Sorption Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1 June 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v1i1.79

Abstract

Indonesia, as one of the most populous countries in the world, requires clean water sources. Industrial waste that is improperly discharged pollutes water bodies with hazardous metals. Adsorption is one of the effective methods for reducing the concentration of harmful metals in water. This study utilized fulvic acid extracted from goat manure compost and combined it with chitosan and magnetite as an adsorbent material for Ni(II). The FTIR results for the magnetite-fulvic acid-chitosan composite showed a peak at 1627 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of aromatic C=C, aromatic ring -OH, and quinone C=O groups, which confirm the binding of fulvic acid. BET analysis was performed on magnetite and magnetite-fulvic acid-chitosan, and the pore volume and pore size were found to be 0.177488 cm³/g and 6.5394 nm, respectively. The composite exhibited magnetic behavior due to the attraction between the magnetite-fulvic acid-chitosan and an external magnet. Adsorption tests using isotherm and kinetic models revealed that Ni(II) adsorption followed a multilayer mechanism and pseudo-second-order kinetics, with a b value of 121.68 mg/g and an experimental qe of 6.28 × 10⁻⁵ mol/g. This shows that the magnetite-fulvic acid-chitosan composite is a promising, sustainable, and magnetically separable adsorbent for the effective removal of nickel ions from contaminated water.
Synthesis of Magnetite/Chitin/Fulvic Acid Derived from Goat Manure Compost and Adsorption Study of Zn(II) for Water Security Enhancement Audrey Nur Aisyah; Azzahra Sandri; Raihansyah Raja Hutama; Mayang Fauziah Putri Kuntjahjono; Sultan Napoleon; Rahmat Basuki
Sorption Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Sorption Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1 June 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v1i1.82

Abstract

Water pollution due to heavy metals such as Zn(II) poses a risk to the environment and health. This study aims to synthesize Magnetite/Chitin/Fulvic Acid (AF)-based composite adsorbent from goat feces compost and evaluate its effectiveness in adsorbing Zn(II) ions. Fulvic acid was extracted through alkaline-acid method and synthesized together with chitin and magnetite using one pot coprecipitation method. Characterization using FTIR, XRD, and BET showed successful synthesis with mesoporous structure for BET (average pore size 6.15 nm, surface area 41.77 m²/g). Isotherm studies showed that the adsorption of Zn(II) showed a good fit with the Freundlich (R² = 0.9967) and Temkin (R² = 0.9968) models, indicating multilayer adsorption on the heterogeneous surface. The composite also shows good adsorption ability and can be magnetically separated, making it an environmentally friendly and efficient potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications.
Effect of Different Temperatures in Magnetite Synthesis on Methylene Blue Adsorption Dea Dwi Ananda; Sultan Napoleon; Thessa Octavia Joyetta Tarigan; Tiara Rizki Yulita; Latisa Stefi Alivia; Bagas Kusuma; M. Rizki Fajri; Kayla Sophia Putri; Nayantaka Virsa Artdero; Nurwanto; Rudi Hartono; Rahmat Basuki
Sorption Studies Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Sorption Studies, December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v1i2.84

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize magnetite (Fe₃O₄) particles using the coprecipitation method, with variations in temperature (70°C and 90°C) and reaction system (open and closed) to evaluate their effects on product quality. Characterization was conducted using FTIR, XRD, and organoleptic observation to confirm the formation of Fe₃O₄. Additional tests included magnetic attraction measurements through mass response and adsorption capacity (Q) analysis using methylene blue. FTIR analysis showed absorption bands at 3417.00 cm⁻¹, 1627 cm⁻¹, 1404 cm⁻¹, and 578 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of O–H, C=O, and Fe–O functional groups. XRD patterns revealed diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 30.27°, 35.23°, 43.22°, 53.71°, 57.43°, and 62.11°, confirming the spinel crystal structure of Fe₃O₄. The sample synthesized at 90°C under closed conditions exhibited a darker black color and higher mass yield, suggesting improved crystallinity and phase purity. The closed system also showed higher adsorption capacities of 0.0008 mmol·g⁻¹ at 70°C and 0.0018 mmol·g⁻¹ at 90°C, along with stronger magnetic response. The open system produced a black precipitate with lower yield and weaker magnetic response, suggesting oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ due to direct contact with oxygen, leading to the formation of compounds such as hematite or maghemite with lower magnetic properties. These results confirm that higher reaction temperatures and closed conditions optimally enhance the quality and stability of magnetite.
Comparative Review of Metal Ferrites for Heavy Metals Adsorption in Water Mayang Fauziah Kuntjahjono; Sultan Napoleon; Wikrama Sarweswara; Yoselyn Evangelina Pandia; Zidni Aghna Haqina; Nugroho Adi Sasongko; Nuha Nuha; Akhmad Rifai; Rahmat Basuki
Sorption Studies Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Sorption Studies, December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v1i2.132

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in water is one of the most critical environmental issues, posing direct threats to human health and ecosystems. Various methods have been developed to address this problem; however, adsorption remains the most effective technique due to its simplicity, low cost, and regenerability. In this context, ferrite based materials (MFe2O4) offer great potential as heavy metal adsorbents owing to their combined advantages of magnetic properties, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy separation under an external magnetic field. This review paper provides a systematic comparison of various types of metal ferrites (Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, Mg, Cu, and Nd) applied for the removal of heavy metal ions from water. The comparison covers their crystal structures, morphology, surface area, magnetic properties, adsorption capacity, as well as the isotherm models and kinetics underlying the adsorption process. The findings show that each type of ferrite possesses specific advantages and limitations. NiFe2O4 exhibits high structural stability, MgFe2O4 demonstrates high adsorption capacity but is susceptible to dissolution under acidic conditions, CuFe2O4 exhibits strong chemical affinity, and NdFe2O4 shows potential selectivity toward specific ions. Meanwhile, MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4, particularly in composite forms such as MnFe2O4/biochar and CoFe2O4/FAU, stand out with adsorption capacities exceeding 400 mg/g, sufficient magnetic properties, and easy magnetic separation, making them the most promising candidates for water treatment applications. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure property function relationship of metal ferrites as selective, stable, and efficient adsorbent materials for heavy metal remediation in aquatic environments.
Recent Advances in Neodymium as a Magnetic Nanoparticle Material Candidate for Microwave Absorption Dea Dwi Ananda; Thessa Octavia Joyetta Tarigan; Tiara Rizki Yulita; Kayla Sophia Putri; Hazzha Azzahra; Sultan Napoleon; Mayang Fauziah Putri Kuntjahjono; Almanda Naura Candra Putri; Muhammad Afif Aji Patria; Yusuf Bramastya Apriliyanto; Rahmat Basuki; Nugroho Adi Sasongko; Akhmad Rifai; Nuha Nuha
Sorption Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): Sorption Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1, June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v2i1.145

Abstract

Magnets are materials that can attract or repel other objects due to the magnetic field generated by the arrangement of electron spin moments in atoms. One important magnetic material is magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which has been widely used and continues to be developed to meet the needs of modern technology. Innovation in material development is achieved through ion-substitution strategies, such as the use of the trivalent metal neodymium to replace Fe³⁺ in the ferrite structure. This strategy allows regulation of the microstructure and ion distribution in the crystal lattice, thereby significantly influencing the material's magnetic performance. Neodymium nanoparticles are known to exhibit superparamagnetic properties due to their tiny dimensions, so that each particle behaves as a single magnetic domain. These particles possess significant magnetic moments; however, their magnetization disappears once the external magnetic field is removed due to thermal fluctuations. The magnetic behavior of neodymium-based nanoparticles is strongly influenced by particle size, crystal structure, composition, and synthesis conditions. Based on theoretical calculations, neodymium exhibits a high magnetic moment due to its unpaired 4f electrons and strong spin–orbit coupling, with a magnetic spin moment of approximately 2.85 × 10⁻²² JT⁻¹. The characteristics of 4f electrons that are localized and protected by the outer shell produce strong spin-orbit coupling, contributing to a significant total magnetic moment and high crystal magnetic anisotropy. This phenomenon strongly aligns the magnetization along specific crystallographic directions, thereby stabilizing the magnetic orientation. This unique property makes neodymium a potential candidate for high-performance magnetic materials, including in high-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption technology. Nd-based magnetic materials exhibit enhanced microwave absorption performance through improved dielectric/magnetic losses and impedance matching, achieving reflection loss values below −40 dB with broad absorption bandwidths for electromagnetic shielding and radar absorbing applications.
Comparative Heavy Metal Adsorption Using Magnetic, Carbon-Based, and Biopolymer Composite: A Critical Systematic Review Sultan Napoleon; Mayang Fauziah Putri Kuntjahjono; Wikrama Sarweswara; Nugroho Adi Sasongko; Akhmad Rifa'i; Nuha Nuha; Rahmat Basuki
Sorption Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): Sorption Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1, June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v2i1.152

Abstract

The increasing contamination of aquatic environments by heavy metals has driven the continuous development of efficient, sustainable, and reusable adsorbent materials. This systematic review critically compares the adsorption performance of magnetic-, carbon-based-, and biopolymer-based composites used for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions. The analysis integrates data from various studies published within the last decade, focusing on maximum adsorption capacity (qmax), specific surface area, magnetic properties, and adsorption isotherm models. Carbon-based adsorbents demonstrate high adsorption capacities (4.16–491 mg g⁻¹) due to their large surface areas and well-developed porosity, while biopolymer-based materials offer environmental sustainability and functional group diversity but generally exhibit lower adsorption performance unless modified with magnetic or carbon components. Magnetic adsorbents, particularly ferrite-based nanocomposites, exhibit exceptional adsorption capacities (up to 1951.98 mg g⁻¹ for Pb(II)) and high removal efficiencies exceeding 95%, with the added advantage of easy magnetic separation and recyclability. However, the long-term stability and regeneration efficiency of magnetic adsorbents remain critical challenges. The bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer further reveals that recent research trends are shifting from fundamental adsorption studies toward the development of multifunctional, hybrid composites that integrate magnetic, carbon, and biopolymer components. These advancements reflect a growing emphasis on enhancing adsorption efficiency, reusability, and environmental compatibility, providing a strong foundation for the design of next-generation adsorbents suitable for industrial-scale wastewater treatment.
Adsorption of Malachite Green using Coconut Shell–Graphite Oxide (CS-GiO): Kinetic and Isotherm Studies Hazzha Azzahra; Sultan Napoleon; Patricya Inggrid Wilhelmina Bolilanga; Rahmat Basuki; Gunaryo Gunaryo; Dea Dwi Ananda; Mayang Fauziah Putri Kuntjahjono; Robith Alzamzani; Nugroho Adi Sasongko; Akhmad Rifai; Nuha Nuha
Sorption Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): Sorption Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1, June 2026
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v2i1.160

Abstract

Malachite green (MG) is a toxic cationic dye commonly found in textile wastewater and poses serious environmental and health risks. In this study, coconut shell–derived graphene oxide (CS-GiO) was synthesized and evaluated as an adsorbent for the removal of MG from aqueous solutions. The material was prepared through carbonization of coconut shells followed by a modified Hummers method to oxidize coconut shell graphite (CS-Gi) into graphene oxide. Prior to oxidation, the carbonized material was purified using HF treatment. Structural characterization using FTIR confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups, indicating successful oxidation of CS-Gi into CS-GiO. Meanwhile, XRD analysis revealed the characteristic (002) diffraction plane and showed that CS-GiO exhibited lower crystallinity compared to CS-Gi due to the incorporation of oxygen functional groups that disrupted the original crystalline structure. Adsorption behavior was evaluated through isotherm and kinetic studies. The adsorption equilibrium was better described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9957) than the Freundlich model (R² = 0.9617), indicating monolayer adsorption on relatively homogeneous active sites. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was 35.95 mg g⁻¹, with a Langmuir constant (KL) of 37873.42 L mol⁻¹ and a separation factor (RL = 0.000995), confirming that the adsorption process is highly favorable. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model (R² = 0.99818), with a rate constant (k₂) of 813.63 g mol⁻¹ min⁻¹ and an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 0.000349 mol g⁻¹, suggesting a relatively rapid adsorption process. The adsorption mechanism is likely dominated by chemisorption, involving interactions between oxygen-containing functional groups on the CS-GiO surface and cationic MG molecules through electrostatic attraction, coordination interactions, and possible electron transfer. These findings demonstrate that CS-GiO derived from coconut shells is a promising adsorbent for the efficient removal of malachite green from aqueous systems.
Co-Authors Akhmad Rifa'i Akhmad Rifai Almanda Naura Candra Putri Audrey Nur Aisyah Azzahra Sandri Bagas Kusuma Dea Dwi Ananda Gunaryo Gunaryo Hazzha Azzahra Kayla Sophia Putri Kayla Sophia Putri Latisa Stefi Alivia M. Rizki Fajri Mayang Fauziah Kuntjahjono Mayang Fauziah Putri Kuntjahjono Muhammad Afif Aji Patria Nayantaka Virsa Artdero Nugroho Adi Sasongko Nugroho Adi Sasongko Nugroho Adi Sasongko Nugroho Adi Sasongko Nugroho Adi Sasongko Nuha Nuha Nuha Nuha Nurwanto Patricya Inggrid Wilhelmina Bolilanga Rahmat Basuki Rahmat Basuki Raihansyah Raja Hutama Robith Alzamzani Rudi Hartono Thessa Octavia Joyetta Tarigan Thessa Octavia Joyetta Tarigan Tiara Rizki Yulita Tiara Rizki Yulita Wikrama Sarweswara Yoselyn Evangelina Pandia Yusuf Bramastya Apriliyanto Zidni Aghna Haqina