<![CDATA[Abstrak - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) memiliki peran penting dalam berbagai aplikasi modern seperti pemantauan lingkungan, pertanian presisi, dan smart city. Namun, keterbatasan energi node sensor dan kompleksitas komunikasi multihop menjadikan perancangan protokol routing yang efisien sebagai tantangan utama. Penelitian ini menganalisis kinerja algoritma Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) dalam optimasi routing WSN berdasarkan tiga metrik utama: jumlah paket, konsumsi energi, dan throughput. Simulasi dilakukan dengan 100 node yang tersebar acak pada area 100 × 100-meter dengan komunikasi berbasis cluster multihop. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi Node→CH memiliki kinerja paling stabil, dengan jumlah paket berkisar antara 85–97 per ronde dan konsumsi energi relatif rendah pada kisaran 2.0–2.8 × 10⁻⁴ J. Sebaliknya, komunikasi CH→CH menunjukkan fluktuasi tajam, dengan beberapa ronde mencapai nol paket maupun nol konsumsi energi. Jalur CH→BS merupakan yang paling boros energi (2.5–3.5 × 10⁻⁴ J) dan throughput tidak konsisten, meskipun pada ronde tertentu mampu mencapai puncak hingga 3.6 × 10⁴ bit. Temuan ini memperkuat literatur bahwa komunikasi intra-cluster lebih efisien, sementara jalur antar-CH dan CH→BS memerlukan pengembangan tambahan. Secara keseluruhan, ACO terbukti efektif dalam menjaga komunikasi intra-cluster, tetapi masih memerlukan perbaikan untuk komunikasi jarak menengah dan jarak jauh. Integrasi heuristik energi residual, multipath routing, atau hibridisasi metaheuristik menjadi rekomendasi untuk penelitian selanjutnya.Kata kunci: Wireless Sensor Networks; Routing; Ant Colony Optimization; EnergyConsumption; Throughput; Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a vital role in various modern applications such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and smart cities. However, the limited energy of sensor nodes and the complexity of multihop communication make the design of efficient routing protocols a major challenge. This study analyzes the performance of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm in optimizing WSN routing based on three key metrics: packet delivery, energy consumption, and throughput. Simulations were carried out with 100 nodes randomly distributed within a 100 × 100-meter area using cluster-based multihop communication. The results indicate that Node→CH communication achieved the most stable performance, with packet delivery ranging from 85 to 97 per round and relatively low energy consumption between 2.0–2.8 × 10⁻⁴ J. In contrast, CH→CH communication exhibited sharp fluctuations, with several rounds dropping to zero packets and zero energy consumption. The CH→BS path was the most energy-consuming (2.5–3.5 × 10⁻⁴ J) and demonstrated inconsistent throughput, although in certain rounds it reached a peak of 3.6 × 10⁴ bits. These findings reinforce existing literature that intra-cluster communication is more efficient, while CH→CH and CH→BS links require further optimization. Overall, ACO has proven effective in maintaining intra-cluster communication, but improvements are still needed for medium- and long-range communication. Future research should consider integrating residual energy heuristics, multipath routing, or metaheuristic hybridization to enhance routing stability and prolong network lifetime.Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks; Routing; Ant Colony Optimization; Energy Consumption; Throughput;]]>
