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All Journal Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae
Anwar, Shamsul
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Social Sciences

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Journal : Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae

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The Geopolitics of Critical Minerals: an International Relations Perspective on Indonesia's Nickel Downstream Policy Nofirman, Nofirman; Anwar, Shamsul; Haji Ali, Azimah; Magar, Bina
Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/politicae.v2i2.2527

Abstract

The global race for critical minerals has transformed nickel into a strategic asset in contemporary geopolitics. Indonesia, possessing one of the world’s largest nickel reserves, has adopted a downstream policy to assert greater control over its mineral resources and strengthen national economic sovereignty. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s nickel downstream policy from an international relations perspective, emphasizing its geopolitical, economic, and strategic implications. Using a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, the research draws on policy documents, trade data, and scholarly discourse to interpret Indonesia’s positioning within global power dynamics. The findings reveal that the policy reflects Indonesia’s attempt to transition from a resource supplier to a value-added industrial hub, balancing between China’s technological dominance and Western market access. Moreover, the policy redefines Indonesia’s bargaining power in international trade and its alignment in global supply chains for electric vehicles and renewable energy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s nickel strategy represents a form of resource nationalism adapted to 21st-century multipolar competition, offering insights into how developing nations can leverage critical minerals for geopolitical advantage.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY: A SOCIAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ON WELFARE POLICY Nur, Muh; Ali, Azimah Haji; Anwar, Shamsul
Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/politicae.v3i1.3376

Abstract

Social inequality and economic vulnerability remain persistent challenges in contemporary societies despite the expansion of welfare policies and social protection systems. Economic growth has not been evenly distributed, leaving significant segments of the population exposed to income insecurity, precarious employment, and limited access to welfare benefits. This study aims to analyze social inequality and economic vulnerability through a social economic perspective that examines how welfare policy design interacts with labor market structures and social institutions. The research employs a qualitative research design combining policy document analysis, secondary socio-economic data review, and interpretive analysis of welfare policy implementation. The findings reveal that existing welfare policies tend to provide short-term relief while inadequately addressing the structural drivers of vulnerability, particularly informal employment, labor market flexibilization, and institutional exclusion. Economic vulnerability is shown to extend beyond officially defined poverty, affecting near-poor and precariously employed groups who remain insufficiently protected by current welfare frameworks. The study concludes that welfare policy effectiveness depends not only on resource allocation but also on institutional alignment with contemporary economic realities. A social economic approach is essential for understanding inequality as a dynamic and structural phenomenon, and for informing welfare reforms aimed at enhancing inclusivity, resilience, and long-term social protection.
Co-Authors Ali, Azimah Haji Haji Ali, Azimah Magar, Bina Muh Nur Nofirman, Nofirman