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All Journal Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Journal of Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials
Magar, Bina
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Social Sciences

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The Geopolitics of Critical Minerals: an International Relations Perspective on Indonesia's Nickel Downstream Policy Nofirman, Nofirman; Anwar, Shamsul; Haji Ali, Azimah; Magar, Bina
Cognitionis Civitatis et Politicae Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/politicae.v2i2.2527

Abstract

The global race for critical minerals has transformed nickel into a strategic asset in contemporary geopolitics. Indonesia, possessing one of the world’s largest nickel reserves, has adopted a downstream policy to assert greater control over its mineral resources and strengthen national economic sovereignty. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s nickel downstream policy from an international relations perspective, emphasizing its geopolitical, economic, and strategic implications. Using a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, the research draws on policy documents, trade data, and scholarly discourse to interpret Indonesia’s positioning within global power dynamics. The findings reveal that the policy reflects Indonesia’s attempt to transition from a resource supplier to a value-added industrial hub, balancing between China’s technological dominance and Western market access. Moreover, the policy redefines Indonesia’s bargaining power in international trade and its alignment in global supply chains for electric vehicles and renewable energy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s nickel strategy represents a form of resource nationalism adapted to 21st-century multipolar competition, offering insights into how developing nations can leverage critical minerals for geopolitical advantage.
A REVIEW OF NANOPARTICLE-BASED STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THERAPY Marliana, Thika; Magar, Bina; Denis, Samuel
Journal of Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials Vol. 2 No. 6 (2025)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/jbtn.v2i6.2975

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders, remain difficult to treat effectively due to the restrictive nature of the blood–brain barrier, which severely limits drug delivery to the central nervous system. Many therapeutic agents with proven molecular efficacy fail to achieve clinical success because they cannot reach target sites in the brain at sufficient concentrations. This review aims to critically analyze nanoparticle-based strategies developed to overcome the blood–brain barrier and to evaluate their potential in neurodegenerative disease therapy. A narrative-integrative review method was employed, drawing on peer-reviewed articles indexed in major scientific databases, including studies on lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and biomimetic nanoparticles. The reviewed evidence indicates that nanoparticle systems significantly enhance brain delivery through mechanisms such as receptor-mediated transcytosis, adsorption-mediated transport, and biomimicry, leading to improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models. Lipid-based and biomimetic nanoparticles demonstrate the greatest translational promise due to favorable safety and biological compatibility, while polymeric systems offer high design flexibility. Despite these advances, challenges related to long-term safety, reproducibility, and clinical translation persist. In conclusion, nanoparticle-based delivery represents a pivotal strategy for overcoming the blood–brain barrier, and continued interdisciplinary research is essential to translate these technologies into effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords: blood–brain barrier; nanoparticles; neurodegenerative diseases; nanomedicine; targeted drug delivery
Co-Authors Anwar, Shamsul Denis, Samuel Haji Ali, Azimah Marliana, Thika Nofirman, Nofirman