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Stoic Resilience, Moral Autonomy, and The Dichotomy of Control Parallel Tawakkul, Sabr, and Ikhtiyar Kuznetsov, Michael Yurievich
el Harakah: Jurnal Budaya Islam Vol 27, No 2 (2025): EL HARAKAH
Publisher : UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/eh.v27i2.36570

The need to uncover how Islamic intellectual and spiritual traditions have historically interacted with non-Islamic systems of thought to develop a distinct ethical psychology grounded in revelation. Despite the Qur’an and Islamic scholarship offering profound frameworks for emotional resilience—such as tawakkul, ṣabr, and riḍā bi’l-qaḍā’—the specific historical reception of Epictetus’s Stoic ethics within Islamic thought remains largely underexplored. This research addresses that gap by systematically tracing how Muslim philosophers and theologians received, adapted, or Islamized Epictetus’s ideas of self-mastery and rational discipline. Its novelty lies in integrating historical-philosophical analysis with contemporary Islamic psychology, thereby offering a new interpretive bridge between Stoic practical ethics and Qur’anic models of inner reform and mental resilience. This article examines Epictetus’ Stoicism as a timeless practical philosophy of moral freedom and resilience, with particular emphasis on its striking structural parallels and historical reception within Islamic ethical thought. The central purpose is to demonstrate that the famous Stoic “dichotomy of control” (what is eph’ hēmin and what is not), the discipline of assent, and the concept of the inner citadel find close equivalents in core Islamic concepts of ikhtiyār (sphere of moral choice), tawakkul (trust in divine decree), sabr (patient perseverance), and riḍā bi’l-qaḍāʾ (contentment with God’s ordainment). Using a comparative textual and historical-critical method, the study analyses primary sources from Epictetus (Discourses and Enchiridion) alongside Muslim thinkers who explicitly or implicitly engaged Stoic ideas. The analysis reveals that Stoic therapeutic techniques entered the Islamic tradition through the Graeco-Arabic translation movement and were consciously adapted to enrich Qurʾānic-Sufi ethics of self-mastery and spiritual resilience. The scholarly contribution of this study goes beyond general “Stoicism–Islam” comparisons. It demonstrates how Epictetus’ practical methods were integrated into Islamic moral psychology. This approach provides contemporary Muslim scholarship with a pre-modern, cross-cultural resource to address mental health, ethical decision-making amid uncertainty, and cosmopolitan responsibility in a globalized world. Kebutuhan untuk mengungkap bagaimana tradisi intelektual dan spiritual Islam secara historis berinteraksi dengan sistem pemikiran non-Islam guna mengembangkan psikologi etis yang khas dan berlandaskan wahyu masih sangat penting. Meskipun Al-Qur’an dan khazanah keilmuan Islam telah menawarkan kerangka mendalam bagi ketangguhan emosional—seperti tawakkul, ṣabr, dan riḍā bi’l-qaḍā’—penerimaan historis terhadap etika Stoa Epictetus dalam pemikiran Islam masih jarang dikaji secara mendalam. Penelitian ini berupaya mengisi kekosongan tersebut dengan menelusuri secara sistematis bagaimana para filsuf dan teolog Muslim menerima, mengadaptasi, atau mengislamkan gagasan Epictetus tentang penguasaan diri dan disiplin rasional. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi antara analisis historis-filosofis dan psikologi Islam kontemporer, sehingga menghadirkan jembatan interpretatif baru antara etika praktis Stoa dan model Qur’ani tentang reformasi batin serta ketangguhan mental. Artikel ini mengkaji Stoikisme Epiktetus sebagai filosofi praktis kebebasan moral dan ketahanan yang abadi, dengan penekanan khusus pada kesejajaran strukturalnya yang mencolok dan penerimaan historisnya dalam pemikiran etika Islam. Tujuan utamanya adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa "dikotomi kendali" Stoik yang terkenal (apa yang eph’ hēmin dan apa yang tidak), disiplin persetujuan (assent), dan konsep benteng batin memiliki padanan yang erat dalam konsep inti Islam: ikhtiyār (lingkup pilihan moral), tawakkul (kepercayaan pada ketetapan ilahi), sabr (ketekunan yang sabar), dan riḍā bi’l-qaḍāʾ (kerelaan terhadap ketetapan Tuhan). Dengan menggunakan metode komparatif tekstual dan historis-kritis, penelitian ini menganalisis sumber-sumber primer dari Epiktetus (Discourses dan Enchiridion) di samping para pemikir Muslim yang secara eksplisit atau implisit melibatkan ide-ide Stoik. Analisis mengungkapkan bahwa teknik terapeutik Stoik memasuki tradisi Islam melalui gerakan penerjemahan Yunani-Arab dan secara sadar diadaptasi untuk memperkaya etika Al-Qur'an-Sufi tentang penguasaan diri dan ketahanan spiritual. Kontribusi ilmiah dari penelitian ini melampaui perbandingan umum antara “Stoisime dan Islam.” Studi ini menunjukkan bagaimana metode praktis Epictetus diintegrasikan ke dalam psikologi moral Islam. Pendekatan ini memberikan khazanah keilmuan Islam kontemporer sumber daya lintas budaya dari masa pra-modern untuk menghadapi isu kesehatan mental, pengambilan keputusan etis di tengah ketidakpastian, serta tanggung jawab kosmopolitan dalam dunia yang semakin mengglobal.

Sic Semper Tyrannis the Philosophy of Law and the Right to Fight Tyranny Kuznetsov, Michael Yurievich
Journal of Current Social and Political Issues Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Current Social and Political Issue
Publisher : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/jcspi.v3i2.2918

This essay explores the philosophical underpinnings of the right to kill a tyrant within the framework of legal philosophy, examining its ontological, epistemological, and axiological dimensions. The discussion delineates major schools of legal philosophy—natural law (Grotius, Cicero), positive law (Aquinas, Bentham, Austin, Hart), utilitarian law (Hume, Bentham, Mill, Sidgwick), Marxist law (Marx, Engels), historical school (Montesquieu, Hugo, Savigny), sociological jurisprudence (Jhering, Gerber), and realist jurisprudence (Holmes, Llewellyn, Morgenthau)—while selectively employing all except positivist and realist approaches. Natural law, decoupled from divine origins by Grotius, prioritizes inherent human rights, whereas utilitarianism evaluates actions by their promotion of happiness, critiqued by Constant for subordinating principle to outcome. Tyrannicide evolves from class-based resistance in feudal societies to a democratic imperative in modernity, rooted in natural rights. The author laments the absence of "tyrant" definitions in contemporary constitutions (e.g., Ukrainian, U.S., French and etc.), viewing it as enabling elite manipulation. Advocating legislative reforms to permit tyrannicide, the paper warns against nihilism while affirming life's value, favoring imprisonment over execution in liberal states. Drawing on Boesche and Kelsen, it portrays justice as relativistic yet essential for democracy, urging ongoing discourse to safeguard freedoms.

War, Federalism, and Survival Ukraine’s Struggle for A Sustainable Political Order Kuznetsov, Michael Yurievich
Jejaring Administrasi Publik Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): Jejaring Administrasi Publik
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jap.v17i2.78925

The ongoing war in Ukraine (from 2014 to today) has exposed the vulnerabilities of its centralized governance system, reigniting debates about federalism as a potential solution for national unity and stability. Federalism’s potential to reshape Ukraine’s geopolitical position is critical in the context of its ongoing war and shifting global dynamics. By July 2025, Ukraine faces a complex geopolitical landscape, with waning Western support and persistent Russian aggression. Federalism, as proposed by the Steinmeier Formula, could weaken Russia’s pretext for intervention by addressing regional grievances, align with EU membership criteria, and reduce reliance on NATO’s military aid, offering a path to sustainable peace. Ukraine’s unitary governance model has struggled to reconcile the divergent identities of its western (Ukrainian-speaking) and eastern (Russian-speaking) regions. The 2014 referendum of Crimea and the war in Donbas highlighted the risks of centralized rule, where regional grievances escalate into violent separatism. Despite the Minsk agreements and diplomatic efforts, a sustainable resolution remains elusive. The conflict, particularly in the eastern regions, underscores the challenges of managing linguistic, cultural, and political diversity under a unitary state structure. The “Steinmeier Formula,” proposed in 2015, suggested federalism as a means to resolve regional tensions, yet the idea remains contentious. Federalism offers Ukraine a path to stability by balancing regional autonomy with national unity. Successful models (Switzerland, India) demonstrate its viability. Without structural reforms, Ukraine risks fragmentation, economic ruin, and prolonged conflict. Policymakers must weigh federalism’s risks against the greater danger of inaction. Keywords: Federalism, Ukraine conflict, Steinmeier Formula, Decentralization, Regional autonomy

Sergei Bulgakov's Sophiology Historical Parallels and Ecumenical Dialogues Kuznetsov, Michael Yurievich
Jurnal Multidisiplin Ibrahimy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JUMMY - February
Publisher : LP2M Universitas Ibrahimy

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35316/jummy.v3i2.8171

Sergei Bulgakov's sophiology offers a distinctive contribution to Russian religious philosophy by incorporating Divine Wisdom (Sophia) into Trinitarian theology, thereby bridging materialism and idealism while addressing the existential and theological crises of modernity. This study investigates historical parallels between Bulgakov's sophiological framework and ancient philosophical-theological traditions, aiming to demonstrate how these connections revitalize Orthodox theology and illuminate mediating principles in divine-human relations. An interdisciplinary methodology is applied, combining historical-philosophical analysis, comparative-theological examination, and detailed textual interpretation of primary sources. Bulgakov's major works are scrutinized alongside writings by early Christian figures (Origen, Arius, and Gnostic texts) and the Middle Platonist Plutarch, with attention to the socio-political context of early 20th-century Russia influencing Bulgakov's intellectual development. The comparative analysis uncovers profound parallels: Origen's emanationist theology and allegorical methods correspond to Bulgakov's portrayal of Sophia as a hypostatic bridge; Arius's emphasis on hypostatic distinctions echoes Bulgakov's non-hierarchical quadriform divine structure (God–Sophia–Holy Spirit–Son); Valentinian Gnostic aeonic emanations shape his fourfold essences; and Plutarch's daimonic intermediaries reflect Sophia's function in mediating between transcendent and immanent realms. The research asserts that: 1) Bulgakov innovatively retrieves and orthodoxizes ancient motifs, adapting emanationist and mediating principles to avoid heresy while enriching Trinitarian doctrine; 2) his sophiology critiques dogmatic rigidity and dualistic extremes, affirming the inherent divinity and goodness of creation; 3) this framework provides lasting relevance for contemporary theology, promoting mystical unity, ecumenical dialogue and a holistic understanding of human-divine interaction amid modern challenges.

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