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Nisa, Assholihatun
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Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

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Optimization of hydroxyapatite synthesis from crab shell waste using response surface methodology (RSM) Arnindi, Dinda Putri; Nisa, Assholihatun
Konversi Vol 14, No 2 (2025): OCTOBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/k.v14i2.24333

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a bioceramic material widely used in biomedical applications due to its chemical similarity to the mineral component of human bone and teeth. This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of HAp from crab shell waste as a natural calcium source using the precipitation method combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The main variables investigated were calcination temperature (800–1200°C) and Na₂H.PO₄ concentration (0,75–2,95 M), while pH was maintained at 11. The optimization results showed that both factors significantly affected the Ca/P ratio, which determines the stoichiometric quality of HAp formation. The optimum condition was obtained at a calcination temperature of 858,86°C and a Na₂HPO₄ concentration of 2,949 M, producing a Ca/P ratio of 1,67 with a desirability value of 1. Verification using Confidence Interval (CI), Tolerance Interval (TI), and Prediction Interval (PI) confirmed the model’s high accuracy and reliability. These findings demonstrate that crab shell waste can be effectively utilized as a sustainable calcium source for hydroxyapatite synthesis, offering environmental and economic benefits for future biomedical applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite from Crab Shell Waste (Scylla Serrata) Using the Precipitation Method Nisa, Assholihatun; Dinda Putri Arnindi; Ni Ketut Sari
Jurnal Serambi Engineering Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The utilization of crab shell waste as a calcium source represents a value-added material development strategy while simultaneously reducing environmental pollution from fishery waste. This study aimed to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from crab shell waste via the precipitation method and to evaluate the effect of calcination temperature (800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C) and Na₂HPO₄ concentration (0.75, 1.3, 1.85, 2.4, and 2.95 M) on the resulting material characteristics. The crab shells were initially calcined to obtain CaO as the calcium source, followed by reaction with Na₂HPO₄ solution as the phosphate precursor to form hydroxyapatite. The synthesized product was subsequently dried and calcined according to the designated temperature variations. Characterization was carried out using XRF, XRD, and SEM analyses. XRF results indicated the dominance of Ca and P elements with a Ca/P ratio approaching the stoichiometric value of hydroxyapatite (1.67). XRD patterns confirmed the formation of crystalline HAp phases, with increasing peak intensity and sharpness at higher calcination temperatures, indicating an enhanced degree of crystallinity. Variations in Na₂HPO₄ concentration influenced phase purity and the Ca/P ratio. SEM analysis revealed sub-spherical particle morphology with a tendency toward agglomeration at higher temperatures due to sintering effects. Overall, the findings demonstrate that controlling calcination temperature and phosphate precursor concentration plays a critical role in determining the composition, crystallinity, and morphology of hydroxyapatite synthesized from crab shell waste.
Co-Authors Arnindi, Dinda Putri Dinda Putri Arnindi Ni Ketut Sari