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All Journal Journal of Advances in Accounting, Economics, and Management Journal of Economics, Assets, and Evaluation
Tomas, Haqi
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Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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The Role of the Relationship Between Fiscal Discipline and Exchange Rates in the Iraqi Economy (2004-2022) Tomas, Haqi
Journal of Economics, Assets, and Evaluation Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/jeae.v3i2.1043

Abstract

The relationship between the exchange rate and fiscal discipline is one of the most important lessons learned from economic theory, given the latter's effective role in saving monetary policy from chaos and lack of control. This relationship, according to international experiences, has had an effective impact on controlling most economic activities, whether in fiscal or monetary policy. Fiscal discipline has had an effective impact on achieving economic stability in many economies, especially those suffering from imbalances in the balance of payments. The Iraqi economy is one of the economies that is in real need of correcting the work of economic activities in line with the urgent need to make real changes at different levels. Through a theoretical review of the research, the researcher concluded that it is both easy and urgently necessary for economic policymakers to adopt fiscal protection and employ fiscal discipline to control the significant decline in the performance of fiscal policy, as demonstrated by the research findings. This can be achieved by expanding the types and quantities of public revenues to diversify them by stimulating dormant economic activities and introducing new types of products that can generate new revenue for the Iraqi economy. Introduction, Fiscal discipline is one of the most important indicators that has historically proven to have a direct and indirect impact on a wide range of economic variables, especially those whose effects are readily apparent in the economic reality. The exchange rate is one such variable, and maintaining it falls under the responsibility of the central bank. The exchange rate is a crucial factor in strengthening the monetary foundations of the Iraqi economy Some international experiences in neighboring countries have proven that it is possible to effectively use fiscal policy tools that have an actual impact on economic activity, which indicates a significant decline in the Iraqi economy, especially in the area of competition between economic activities at the level of fiscal and monetary policies. This research, relying on a group of modern sources whose authors adopted the topic of fiscal discipline, addresses the basic hypothesis of the research, which is that there is a positive relationship between the application of fiscal discipline and the achievement of economic stability through the tool of the exchange rate of the local currency against foreign currencies.
The Role of Green Finance (Green Sukuk and Green Bonds) In Sustainable Development: Selected Experiences With A Special Reference To Iraq Tomas, Haqi
Journal of Advances in Accounting, Economics, and Management Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/aaem.v3i2.1074

Abstract

The research population to reveal the role of green financing (green sukuk and green bonds) in sustainable development, as the world population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, This population increase requires the availability of food, water, and energy, and undoubtedly the current growth patterns are inefficient and insufficient for such a population, as they still rely on traditional economic growth methods despite many countries adopting sustainable development. The proper path today is to move towards green growth and the transition to a green economy, so that growth becomes inclusive and environmentally friendly, efficient in the use of natural resources, and meets the needs of all citizens. The research aims to identify green finance instruments (green sukuk and green bonds) by defining them, their importance, characteristics and key principles. The research also aims to study the experiences of some countries in the field of green finance and the use of its instruments to transition towards a green economy, including China and the United Arab Emirates. Furthermore, the research aims to study Iraq's direction towards transitioning to a green economy and sustainable development, highlighting the key steps it has started on this path, and to determine a future vision for transitioning to a green economy in Iraq, following the example of other countries worldwide. The research has reached a set of conclusions and recommendations related to the study.
The Role of the Central Bank in Monetary Stability: Iraq as a Case Study (2004-2024) Tomas, Haqi
Journal of Economics, Assets, and Evaluation Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/jeae.v3i3.1073

Abstract

This research aims to address a highly important issue, which is monetary stability, a goal pursued by most of the world's economies. When monetary stability is achieved, development can accelerate significantly due to the absence of economic problems such as inflation, unemployment, and others. The study also examines the role that the central bank can play through monetary policy tools in achieving the desired monetary stability. It addressed the emergence of central banks and their development stages, as well as identifying their key characteristics, objectives, and functions. The study also examined monetary stability, its importance, and introduced its main indicators, along with how to calculate monetary stability indicators. Furthermore, the study covered the establishment of the Central Bank of Iraq, its development stages, objectives, major achievements, and how monetary policy tools are used by the central bank in Iraq to influence monetary stability and attempt to support this stability. Finally, the indicators of monetary stability and the monetary excess index in Iraq for the period (2004–2024) were calculated, and many conclusions were reached, as well as several important recommendations were established to achieve monetary stability.
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