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All Journal Journal of Law and Legal Reform Sangia Nibandera Law Research
Alejandro, Sergi Fernandez
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Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Legal Protection and Certainty of Land Ownership in Post-Disaster Recovery: Evidence from Indonesia, Spain, and Oman Maisa, Maisa; Nafri , Muh; Amri, Amriana; Alejandro, Sergi Fernandez; Ezzerouali, Souad Ahmed
Journal of Law and Legal Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jllr.v7i1.19431

Abstract

This study investigates the legal protection and certainty of land ownership in post-disaster recovery, with a comparative focus on Indonesia, Spain, and Oman. It particularly examines the aftermath of the 2018 earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and contrasts it with recovery efforts in Spain and Oman. Using a descriptive empirical legal approach, the study explores the legal protections for disaster victims, the restoration of land ownership, and challenges in rebuilding. In Indonesia, the 2018 disaster in Petobo Village is analyzed through Governor Regulation No. 10 of 2019, which governs post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction. The law stipulates the rights to land restitution and housing reconstruction; however, delays in permanent housing construction have hindered the realization of victims’ rights. In Spain, the recovery from the 2011 earthquake in Lorca is examined under the Royal Decree 307/2005, which regulates compensation for victims of natural disasters. Despite the law’s aim to safeguard land rights and accelerate recovery, significant delays occurred in land restitution and compensation for affected property owners. In Oman, the Land Expropriation Law (Royal Decree No. 6/2008) and Cyclone Gonu Recovery Law provide mechanisms for land distribution and compensation, but challenges arose due to incomplete property registration and inconsistent enforcement, which delayed recovery efforts. By comparing these legal frameworks, the study highlights the differences in land governance and proposes recommendations for strengthening legal protections and ensuring faster, more efficient recovery in post-disaster contexts.
United States Veto Power and Its Legal Implications for Palestinian Statehood Hikmah, Shofiah Nur; Wicaksono, Sonny Saptoajie; Alejandro, Sergi Fernandez
Sangia Nibandera Law Research Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Sangia Nibandera Law Research, December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19653580

Abstract

This study examines the use of the veto power by the United States within the United Nations Security Council and its impact on resolutions concerning the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Since 1972, the United States has exercised its veto 86 times, including 49 instances in which resolutions critical of Israel or calling for ceasefires were blocked. Employing a normative legal research methodology, this paper analyzes both the regulatory framework governing veto use and its practical application in this context. The findings indicate that the United States’ use of the veto reflects its strategic political interests and has significant implications for the dynamics of the conflict. In particular, the repeated exercise of this power has contributed to diplomatic stagnation, heightened regional tensions, and diminished the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council in addressing conflicts in the Middle East. Furthermore, the study highlights the long-term consequences of United States foreign policy for Palestinian self-determination and underscores the structural challenges faced by the international community in pursuing an equitable and sustainable resolution. This research contributes to ongoing debates on the role of great power influence within multilateral institutions and emphasizes the need for institutional reforms to promote greater fairness, accountability, and effectiveness in global governance.
Co-Authors Amri, Amriana Ezzerouali, Souad Ahmed Hikmah, Shofiah Nur Maisa Maisa, Maisa Nafri , Muh Sonny Saptoajie Wicaksono