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All Journal International Journal of Health Science
Akhmal Raziq Kharazi
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Health Professions Public Health Social Sciences

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Direct Cost Analysis of Hypertension in National Health Insurance Participants for the Advanced Level Healthcare in Indonesia : Analysis of BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data 2023 Akhmal Raziq Kharazi; Bambang Budi Raharjo
International Journal Of Health Science Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): International Journal of Health
Publisher : Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/ijhs.v5i2.4992

Abstract

In 2023, WHO states one-third of individuals aged 30-79 have hypertension, only 42% receive treatment, and few of just 20% that receive it are controlled. Indonesia’s 2020-2022 Health Profile shows an annual increase of catastrophic disease burdened by the National Health Insurance (NHI), particularly for outpatient and inpatient advanced-level care. NHI’s Statistics of 2020-2021 reports increased utilization of healthcare services for hypertension-related visits from 2020 to 2021. This condition may cause an increase of economic burden to the healthcare system and pose financial risk for its participants. This study examines factors influencing the direct costs of hypertension-related visits among NHI participants at an advanced level. This study uses an analytical observational quantitative approach with a cohort design, utilizing the 2023 BPJS Kesehatan Sample Data. The total sampling method resulted in a total of 26.776 participants and 102.748 visits that were analyzed, with weighted results representing 2.207.606 participants and 8.583.700 visits. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate (simple logistic regression), and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) methods. Significant factors (p-value<0.05) affecting outpatient costs include age, regional type, administrative status, health facility ownership, and health facility type. Inpatient costs are influenced (p-value<0,05) by gender, regional type, class entitlement, health facility ownership, health facility type, comorbidities, length of stay, and severity. The study recommends evaluating advanced level healthcare tariff policies to minimize economic disparities in healthcare access across Indonesia.
The Association between Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics with the Attendance Rate of the Elderly School of Darun Najah, Sambak Village, Kajoran District Ayu Fadhila; Akhmal Raziq Kharazi
International Journal Of Health Science Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): International Journal of Health
Publisher : Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/ijhs.v5i2.5509

Abstract

The United Nations states that the elderly population is increasing globally annually, from 771 million to 830 million people, accounting for 10 to 10,5% respectively. In Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics reported the rise of the elderly population from 9,92% of the population in 2020 to 11,75% in 2023. Specifically in the Province of Central Java, the percentage of elderly population increases from 13,07% to 13,50% between 2022 and 2023. The rise of the elderly population could potentially pose a challenge to public development as they are often vulnerable and dependent, facing health and socioeconomic challenges. In order to combat this, the Government of Indonesia formed elderly schools, an educational and social program that aims to empower the elderly. This study aims to analyze the association between sociodemographic and health characteristic factors and the attendance rate of one of the elderly schools located in Central Java called The Elderly School of Darun Najah, Sambak Village, Kajoran District. This study uses an analytical observational quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. Sampling is conducted using a total sampling design resulting in 40 respondents. Data analysis is conducted in univariate and bivariate (chi-square and fisher's exact test) methods. Significant factors (p-value<0,05) of the attendance rate of the elderly school include age, sex, marital status, and employment status, while blood pressure and body mass index are not significant (p-value>0,05). This study recommends that elderly school administrators provide personalized facilities and activities that cater to their participants' characteristics.
Co-Authors Ayu Fadhila Bambang Budi Raharjo