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All Journal Civil Engineering Journal
Saeed, Khitam A.
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Comparison Between the Calcium-Based Stabilizer and Non-Organic Agents on the Stabilization of Contaminated Soil Fendi, Yaqeen M.; Saeed, Khitam A.; Sachit, Dawood E.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-016

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the properties of nickel- and copper-contaminated soil and to determine the potential use of calcium stabilizers and inorganic agents as soil improvement methods. The soil was classified as loamy sand (SM) with a low plasticity index (PI = 4%), medium permeability, and high silica content (>33%). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) testing revealed nickel oxide concentrations of 1.5% and copper oxide concentrations of 2.5% in the soil. Nickel and copper contamination based on added nitrate salts was estimated at 1,500 ppm and 2,500 ppm, respectively. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results showed that quartz and kaolinite were the most abundant, and the contaminants were likely present in an amorphous or surface-adsorbed manner. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) results indicated a significant improvement in compressive strength: from 96 kPa (2% cement, 7 days) to over 12,445 kPa (7% cement, 28 days). The 20% fly ash yielded a strength of 934.5 kPa after 28 days, due to natural pozzolanic reaction and mineral adsorption. Overall, strength improved, and stability was achieved with increased curing time. These results demonstrate that cement and fly ash improved both the mechanical properties and environmental performance of sandy soils contaminated with heavy metals. However, the accelerated strength improvement for cement was significantly greater (over 12,445 kPa) than for fly ash (934.5 kPa, with 20% fly ash) after 28 days of curing. This result suggests that cement-based materials have superior load-bearing performance in applications, but fly ash may be less effective and potentially more environmentally friendly.
Effect of Fly Ash and Nano-Silica Fume on Soft Clay: Atterberg Limits, MDD, and OMC Jumaa, Ruqaya M.; Saeed, Khitam A.; Al-Jaberi, Layth A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-012

Abstract

To improve the geotechnical properties of soft clay soil, this study compares and contrasts two types of micro and nano stabilizing additives: fly ash and nano-silica fume. Treatments with fly ash and nano-silica fume were applied to soft clay samples from Basra, Iraq, at varying fly ash concentrations. The samples were then subjected to the treatments. The ASTM requirements were adhered to in the laboratory tests conducted to investigate changes in plasticity characteristics, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content (OMC). In the course of this research, Atterberg limits and standard compaction tests were undertaken. In accordance with the findings, fly ash reduces MDD (maximum dry density) by increasing the plastic limit and OMC while simultaneously decreasing the liquid limit and plasticity index. On the other hand, nano-silica fume enhances MDD, decreases OMC and the plastic limit, and increases the plasticity index and the liquid limit. The flocculation and dilution of clay particles are both promoted by fly ash, but the significant reactivity of nano-silica fume increases water adsorption and pore filling. The differences in particle size, specific surface area, and interaction mechanisms explain the observed divergent tendencies. Micro- and nanosized additives added to local soft clay at the same dosage were compared and contrasted in this study. This comparative analysis aims to help select the most effective stabilizing agents that either increase soil plasticity or improve compaction properties. The use of such an approach is a new methodological contribution.
Co-Authors Al-Jaberi, Layth A. Fendi, Yaqeen M. Jumaa, Ruqaya M. Sachit, Dawood E.