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p-Index From 2021 - 2026
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All Journal Jurnal Ruas (Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies)
Mokhtar, Noor Aisyah
Unknown Affiliation
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Architectural Integration of Augmented Reality: A Review of System Architectures, Implementation Barriers, and Design-Driven Application Strategies Xiao, Lin; Mokhtar, Noor Aisyah; Mat Sulaiman, Mohd Khairul Azhar
RUAS Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Departemen Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.ruas.2025.023.02.3

Abstract

The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry offers transformative potential, yet its practical adoption remains fragmented across different design phases. This study presents a comprehensive review of architectural AR systems, analyzing developments from 2008 to 2024. Employing a PRISMA-informed semi-systematic protocol, the research synthesized data from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, supplemented by backward and forward snowballing techniques. Through thematic analysis, the review identifies four distinct AR system typologies and examines their integration with Building Information Modelling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The findings reveal that despite technical advancements, significant barriers persist, particularly regarding hardware limitations, authoring complexity, and organizational resistance to new workflows. To address these impediments, the study highlights emerging design-driven solutions, including the adoption of cloud-based architectures, modular component libraries, and real-time on-site overlays. Based on these insights, the paper proposes a strategic framework for future development, advocating for seamless interoperability and user-centred interfaces. Ultimately, this research argues for a paradigm shift, positioning AR not merely as a visualization novelty, but as a critical, data-integrated tool capable of enhancing decision-making and collaborative processes throughout the architectural lifecycle.
Gamified AR Narratives and Spatial Experience in Urban Heritage Architecture Xiao, Lin; Fan, Li; Mokhtar, Noor Aisyah; Mat Sulaiman, Mohd Khairul Azhar
RUAS Vol. 24 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Departemen Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.ruas.2026.024.01.13

Abstract

The growing adoption of augmented reality (AR) in heritage tourism has created new opportunities for visitor interpretation and engagement. However, most AR applications remain content-oriented and pay limited attention to the spatial characteristics of heritage environments. This study examines how spatially embedded gamified AR narratives influence spatial experience and architectural interpretation in urban heritage settings. A sequential mixed-methods approach was conducted at three heritage sites in Chengdu, China, representing linear, axial, and dispersed spatial typologies. Data were collected through pre- and post-AR surveys with 372 participants, semi-structured interviews with 48 respondents, behavioural observations, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results show that spatial narrative coherence—the alignment between AR task logic and spatial syntax—is the strongest predictor of spatial immersion (β = 0.59) and indirectly enhances architectural interpretation (β = 0.32). These effects are moderated by visitor typology, with explorers and gamers benefiting most. The findings demonstrate the importance of space-centred AR design and propose a spatially adaptive framework that aligns narrative structures with heritage environments, offering practical guidance for architects, heritage managers, and AR developers.
Co-Authors Fan, Li Mat Sulaiman, Mohd Khairul Azhar Xiao, Lin