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All Journal International Journal of Islamic Education, Research and Multiculturalism (IJIERM)
Rama, Vantoni
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Optimization of Bio-Char Production from Palm Kernel Shells as Metallurgical Coke Using Response Surface Methodology Asful, Hariyadi; Moch, Purwanto; Fikan R, Mubarok; Rama, Vantoni
International Journal of Islamic Education, Research and Multiculturalism (IJIERM) Vol 8 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : The Islamic Education and Multiculturalism Foundation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47006/ijierm.v8i1.484

Abstract

This research focuses on optimizing biochar production from palm kernel shells (PKS) as an environmentally friendly alternative to metallurgical coke. PKS was chosen due to its abundance, high lignocellulose content, and competitive heating value. The conversion process was carried out via pyrolysis at temperatures of 400–700°C with varying residence times. To ensure the biochar produced meets metallurgical coke specifications, this research uses a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach with a Central Composite Design (CCD) model to optimize temperature and time parameters. The initial stage involved pre-treatment using water leaching, successfully reducing ash content from 5.68% to 1.25%. Optimization results show that at a temperature of 600–700°C with a residence time of 2–3 hours, the resulting biochar exhibits characteristics that comply with metallurgical coke standards, such as high fixed carbon content (>85%), low ash content (<6%), and a calorific value of 7200 kcal/kg. Moreover, increasing pyrolysis temperature and time also reduces volatile matter and moisture content, resulting in more stable and efficient biochar. This research provides a real solution for utilizing PKS waste as an alternative raw material for the steel industry, reducing dependence on imported coal-based coke. The results of the RSM optimization indicate an optimal temperature of 612°C and a residence time of 3 hours.
Co-Authors Asful, Hariyadi Fikan R, Mubarok Moch, Purwanto