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All Journal Life and Death: Journal of Eschatology Dharmakirti : International Journal of Religion, Mind and Science
Pareek, Ashutosh
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Religion Humanities Social Sciences

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Between mokṣa and nirvāṇa: Archaeological traces of Siwa–Buddha harmony in Bali and their eschatological worldview Virgiastuti, Made Ayu Diah Indira; Pareek, Ashutosh; Heri Purwanto; Jero, Ni Wayan Jemiwi
Life and Death: Journal of Eschatology Vol. 3 No. 2: (January) 2026
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/lad.v3i2.2026.3114

Abstract

Background: This article examines the eschatological worldview underlying the archaeological heritage of Siwa–Buddha traditions in Bali, focusing on how concepts of life, death, and post-mortem liberation were articulated through religious material culture. Drawing on archaeological evidence such as temple layouts, ritual iconography, and mortuary-related symbols, the study argues that Balinese Siwa–Buddha syncretism represents not merely a historical coexistence of religious traditions, but a coherent theological negotiation between two soteriological paradigms: mokṣa and nirvāṇa. Methods: This study employs a qualitative interpretative approach with an archaeological-critical and historiographical framework to examine Shiva–Buddha relations in Bali as a process of religious-cultural transformation shaping eschatological understandings of life, death, and liberation. Data were collected through archaeological observation, textual and inscriptional analysis, and theoretical literature review, and analyzed using thematic, semiotic, and historiographical deconstruction to interpret artifacts, sacred spaces, and rituals as material expressions of eschatological meaning. Findings: The findings suggest that Siwa–Buddha harmony in Bali produced an eschatological framework in which life and death were understood as a continuous process of spiritual refinement rather than as oppositional states. Architectural orientations, ritual spaces, and symbolic representations indicate a shared concern with purification, release from cyclical existence, and ultimate union with a transcendent reality. Conclusion: This synthesis challenges rigid sectarian classifications and reveals a localized eschatology that accommodated multiple paths to liberation within a single religious landscape. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study demonstrates that Southeast Asian religious heritage, particularly in Bali, offers an important case for understanding how plural religious traditions can converge in shaping shared conceptions of death, afterlife, and ultimate salvation.
Parabrahman symbolism and the majesty of Prambanan Temple: Analyze its role in global Hindu traditions Pareek, Ashutosh; Widiasih, Ni Nyoman Sri; Tina Manandhar
Dharmakirti : International Journal of Religion, Mind and Science Vol. 3 No. 2: April (2026)
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/ijroms.v3i2.2026.3683

Abstract

Background: Prambanan Temple, one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in Southeast Asia, can be understood not only as an architectural monument but as a theological system that materializes the concept of Parabrahman, the absolute, infinite principle underlying all existence. This study aims to analyze how architectural structure, spatial organization, and visual narratives within the temple articulate the relationship between transcendental unity and divine manifestations in Hindu theology. Methods: This research employs a qualitative interpretive approach integrating library research, field observation, visual-architectural documentation, and semi-structured interviews with selected experts. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), and visual-semiotic analysis, supported by methodological triangulation to ensure analytical rigor. Findings: The findings reveal that the tripartite structure dedicated to the Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Śiva) represents a hierarchical cosmology in which Parabrahman is not directly depicted but symbolically mediated through spatial stratification, sacred geometry, and narrative reliefs. The central dominance of the Śiva temple reflects a theological synthesis in which multiplicity converges into a unified metaphysical principle. Furthermore, the reliefs function as visual exegesis, translating abstract cosmological doctrines into accessible symbolic forms that guide spiritual understanding and ritual practice. Conclusion: This study concludes that Prambanan Temple operates as a form of material theology, bridging metaphysical concepts and lived religious experience, and reinforcing the continuity of Hindu theological discourse beyond its Indian origins. Its significance lies in its capacity to encode complex philosophical ideas into enduring architectural and visual forms. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analytical framework that combines theological hermeneutics, iconographic analysis, and integral consciousness theory to position Prambanan Temple as an active epistemic medium for constructing and transmitting the concept of Parabrahman, an approach that remains underexplored in existing scholarship.
Co-Authors Heri Purwanto Jero, Ni Wayan Jemiwi Tina Manandhar Virgiastuti, Made Ayu Diah Indira Widiasih, Ni Nyoman Sri