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All Journal International Journal of Enterprise Modelling Journal of Defense Technology and Engineering
Herwin Melyanus Hutapea
Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Library & Information Science Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Transportation

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Adaptive ant colony optimization integrated with dynamic risk mapping for tactical vehicle path planning in dynamic battlefields Nick Holson M. Silalahi; Eryan Ahmad Firdaus; Herwin Melyanus Hutapea
Journal of Defense Technology and Engineering Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): July, Journal of Defense Technology and Engineering
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik dan Teknologi Pertahanan, Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia

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Abstract

The movement of combat vehicles in modern battlefields faces complex challenges in the form of uncertain terrain, dynamic enemy threats, and limited real-time information, making conventional methods such as Dijkstra or A* less capable of optimising routes adaptively. This research aims to develop an Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm model integrated with a dynamic risk map to determine safe, fast, and efficient routes for combat vehicles. The methodology employed includes designing an adaptive ACO with risk-based pheromone update mechanisms, modeling dynamic risk maps using Gaussian probability functions and Markov models, and conducting graph-based battlefield simulations to evaluate algorithm performance. Evaluation was conducted by comparing the adaptive ACO with baseline algorithms (Dijkstra, A*, and Particle Swarm Optimization) using metrics such as Safety Index (SI), Time Efficiency (TE), Adaptability, and Computational Cost (CC). The results show that the adaptive ACO consistently produces paths with the highest SI values, competitive time efficiency, and better real-time adaptability compared to the baseline, while path visualization demonstrates the algorithm's ability to dynamically avoid high-risk areas. These findings indicate that integrating adaptive ACO with dynamic risk maps provides safer and more flexible navigation strategies, with significant potential for application in autonomous combat vehicles, UAV systems, and military operations based on intelligent simulation. This research contributes to the development of adaptive path optimization algorithms in dynamic battlefields, bridges the literature gap related to risk-based navigation, and provides a framework that can serve as the foundation for developing military decision support systems based on artificial intelligence. 
Analysis of lora communication reliability using gnu radio in simulated LEO satellite channels Muhammad Fathi Irfan; Herwin Melyanus Hutapea; Maulana Ali Arifin; Achmad Darwin
International Journal of Enterprise Modelling Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): May: Enterprise Modelling
Publisher : International Enterprise Integration Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/int.jo.emod.v20i2.189

Abstract

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication using LoRa modulation faces persistent challenges including Doppler frequency shifts, free-space path loss, and synchronization instability that limit communication reliability for satellite-based Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Although LoRa has been widely adopted for terrestrial long-range communication, systematic Software-Defined Radio (SDR) evaluations of LoRa under LEO-like channel impairments remain scarce, particularly studies that simultaneously analyze multiple performance indicators across a complete Spreading Factor (SF) range. This study addresses that gap by proposing a reproducible GNU Radio-based SDR simulation framework that integrates LEO channel impairments (Doppler shift, free-space path loss, and atmospheric attenuation) and simultaneously evaluates Bit Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and Time on Air (ToA) for 24 SF–CR configurations (SF7–SF12 × CR4/5–CR4/8) at a fixed bandwidth of 125 kHz. The novelty of this work lies in the joint multi-metric SDR assessment of LoRa under satellite-like impairments and the identification of practical SF–CR operating points that balance reliability and efficiency for prospective LEO deployments. The results show that SF7 with CR4/6 and CR4/7 yields the most stable performance, achieving BER as low as 0.01, SNR around −8 to −9 dB, and ToA below 0.03 s, while configurations at SF11–SF12 exhibit severe BER degradation (≥ 0.86) and ToA up to 1.85 s due to synchronization sensitivity under Doppler-affected conditions. These findings provide quantitative guidance for parameter selection in LoRa-based LEO communication systems, particularly the RIDU-Sat development program in Indonesia.
Co-Authors Achmad Darwin Eryan Ahmad Firdaus Maulana Ali Arifin Muhammad Fathi Irfan Nick Holson M. Silalahi